.\"
.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-2-Clause
.\"
.Dd July 5, 2026
.Dt BOOT-TEST.SH 8
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm boot-test.sh
.Nd automated boot loader regression tests under QEMU
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm
.Op Fl A
.Op Fl a Ar arch
.Op Fl b | Fl B
.Op Fl j Ar jobs
.Op Fl o Ar dir
.Op Fl t Ar regex
.Op Fl T Ar seconds
.Nm
.Fl -netboot-teardown
.Sh DESCRIPTION
.Nm
builds a minimal bootable tree, assembles disk, CD, and network boot images
for every boot configuration a target architecture supports, boots each image
under
.Xr qemu 1 ,
and checks that it reaches userland and prints a success marker.
It runs almost entirely as an unprivileged user, with one exception: the
.Ar netboot-bios
and
.Ar netboot-efi
tests need a real
.Xr vmnet 4
interface and
.Xr dnsmasq 8
instead of QEMU's user-mode networking, so that DHCP can hand out a
root-path.
Creating the interface and giving it an address require root, so
.Nm
runs
.Xr sudo 8
once to set both up, then leaves them running; later runs detect the
existing setup and do not prompt again.
See
.Sx Netboot networking
below.
.Pp
.Nm
must be run from the
.Pa stand
directory of a FreeBSD source tree and assumes that
.Cm buildworld
and
.Cm buildkernel
have already completed for each target architecture.
Per-architecture parameters
.Pq QEMU machine, boot capabilities, kernel config, and so on
are read from
.Pa boot-test.json
in the same directory as the script.
.Pp
Each architecture is processed in five phases:
extract a minimal userland from a release ISO
.Pq 0 ,
install the kernel and boot loaders into a tree
.Pq 1 ,
create the base filesystem images
.Pq 2 ,
assemble the per-configuration boot images and register a test for each
.Pq 3 ,
and run the registered tests
.Pq 4 .
Images are built one architecture at a time; the tests for all selected
architectures then run in parallel so that a run costs roughly one timeout
rather than one per test.
.Pp
The options are as follows:
.Bl -tag -width indent
.It Fl a Ar arch
Test
.Ar arch .
May be given more than once to test several.
The default is the host architecture reported by
.Nm uname Fl p .
Supported values are
.Ar amd64 ,
.Ar aarch64 ,
.Ar armv7 ,
.Ar riscv64 ,
.Ar powerpc ,
.Ar powerpc64 ,
and
.Ar powerpc64le .
.It Fl A
Test every supported architecture.
.It Fl b
Skip the build and install phase and reuse the existing boot tree.
.It Fl B
Skip the build, install, and image-creation phases and reuse existing images.
.It Fl j Ar jobs
Run at most
.Ar jobs
QEMU instances at once.
The default is unlimited.
.It Fl o Ar dir
Write images and logs to
.Ar dir
instead of the per-architecture object directory.
May only be used with a single architecture.
.It Fl t Ar regex
Run only the tests whose name matches the extended regular expression
.Ar regex .
.It Fl T Ar seconds
Set the per-test QEMU timeout.
The default is 60 seconds, or 180 for the powerpc targets.
.It Fl -netboot-teardown
Destroy the
.Xr vmnet 4
interfaces and stop the
.Xr dnsmasq 8
instance created for the netboot tests
.Pq Sx Netboot networking .
Must be run with
.Xr sudo 8 .
Not needed in normal use; the setup is left running between runs on purpose.
.El
.Ss Tests per architecture
The tests generated for an architecture are the applicable combinations of the
boot interface, the on-disk layout, and the loader interpreter.
The interpreters are
.Ar lua ,
.Ar 4th ,
and
.Ar simp ,
plus the
.Ar boot1
chain loader for UEFI; the filesystems are UFS and, where the platform supports
it, ZFS.
Which of the following families are built is driven by each architecture's
capabilities declared in
.Pa boot-test.json :
.Bl -tag -width "linuxboot" -compact
.It Sy BIOS
GPT (UFS, ZFS) and MBR (UFS) disks, once per interpreter.
.It Sy UEFI
GPT (UFS, ZFS) and MBR (UFS) disks, once per interpreter.
.It Sy hybrid
A single GPT or MBR image booted both as BIOS and as UEFI.
.It Sy OFW
Apple Partition Map disk (UFS, ZFS) on
.Ar powerpc .
.It Sy PReP
MBR disk on
.Ar powerpc64
and
.Ar powerpc64le .
.It Sy CD
El Torito for BIOS, a hybrid BIOS+UEFI ISO, and the OFW and CHRP variants.
.It Sy linuxboot
UFS and ZFS, booted through the Linux kexec loader.
.It Sy netboot
BIOS PXE, UEFI, and iPXE memory-disk boot of a RAM root.
.El
A full run
.Pq Fl A
currently yields on the order of 80 tests.
.Ss Netboot networking
QEMU's user-mode
.Pq slirp
networking can hand out an address and a TFTP bootfile, but it cannot send a
DHCP root-path
.Pq option 17 .
Without one, the FreeBSD loader falls back to NFS for every file fetch after
the initial bootfile and fails, since there is no NFS server to fall back to.
Sending a root-path of
.Dq Li tftp://<gw>/
keeps the loader on TFTP instead, which is what
.Ar netboot-bios
and
.Ar netboot-efi
need.
.Pp
To get a real root-path,
.Nm
gives each of those tests its own
.Xr vmnet 4
interface and a private
.Li /30
carved out of
.Cm netboot_subnet_base
in
.Pa boot-test.json ,
and runs a single
.Xr dnsmasq 8
instance serving all of them.
.Xr vmnet 4
is used rather than the more familiar
.Xr tap 4 ,
even though QEMU treats them identically and both are clones of the same
underlying driver: closing the control device automatically brings a
.Xr tap 4
interface down and deletes its address, which would undo the setup below
every time QEMU exits, but
.Xr vmnet 4
interfaces keep their configuration across opens.
Creating the interface and assigning it an address both require root even
when
.Va net.link.tap.user_open
is set
.Pq that only governs opening the cloning device itself ,
so
.Nm
invokes
.Xr sudo 8
once to create the interfaces
.Pq chowning the resulting device nodes back to the invoking user
and start
.Xr dnsmasq 8 .
Because the interfaces persist until explicitly destroyed,
.Nm
leaves them and
.Xr dnsmasq 8
running afterward; subsequent runs detect the existing setup by comparing a
hash of the intended configuration and skip
.Xr sudo 8
entirely, so the prompt is normally seen once per boot rather than once per
run.
Use
.Fl -netboot-teardown
to tear the setup down manually.
.Pp
The
.Ar netboot-ramdisk
and
.Ar netboot-bios-memdisk
tests boot entirely from an in-memory image and never need a root-path, so
they stay on QEMU's user-mode networking.
.Sh REQUIREMENTS
.Nm
uses
.Xr makefs 8
and
.Xr mkimg 1
from the base system, and the
.Xr jq 1 ,
.Xr expect 1 ,
.Xr qemu 1 ,
and
.Xr dnsmasq 8
packages
.Pq Pa textproc/jq , Pa lang/expect , Pa emulators/qemu , Pa dns/dnsmasq .
The network boot tests additionally require the
.Pa sysutils/ipxe
and
.Pa sysutils/syslinux
packages.
.Sh ENVIRONMENT
.Bl -tag -width ".Ev HOME"
.It Ev HOME
Release ISO images and the optional custom
.Pa openbios-ppc
firmware are looked for in
.Pa ~/iso .
.El
.Sh FILES
.Bl -tag -width ".Pa boot-test.json" -compact
.It Pa boot-test.json
Per-architecture configuration, parsed with
.Xr jq 1 .
.It Pa ~/iso/FreeBSD-*-RELEASE-*-disc1.iso.xz
Release ISO supplying the minimal userland.
.It Pa ~/iso/openbios-ppc
Optional replacement OpenBIOS firmware for the powerpc targets.
.El
.Sh EXIT STATUS
.Nm
exits 0 if every test that ran passed, and non-zero if any test failed or
timed out.
.Sh EXAMPLES
Test the host architecture:
.Pp
.Dl "sh ../tools/boot/boot-test.sh"
.Pp
Re-run only the ZFS tests for
.Ar amd64
against previously built images:
.Pp
.Dl "sh ../tools/boot/boot-test.sh -a amd64 -B -t zfs"
.Pp
Test every architecture:
.Pp
.Dl "sh ../tools/boot/boot-test.sh -A"
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr expect 1 ,
.Xr jq 1 ,
.Xr mkimg 1 ,
.Xr gptboot 8 ,
.Xr loader 8 ,
.Xr makefs 8 ,
.Xr pxeboot 8 ,
.Xr uefi 8
.Sh AUTHORS
.An Warner Losh Aq Mt imp@FreeBSD.org