---
title: "FreeBSD/i386 4.8-RELEASE Installation Instructions"
sidenav: download
---

++++


        <h3 class="CORPAUTHOR">The FreeBSD Project</h3>

        <p class="COPYRIGHT">Copyright &copy; 2000, 2001, 2002,
        2003 by The FreeBSD Documentation Project</p>
        <hr />
      </div>

      <blockquote class="ABSTRACT">
        <div class="ABSTRACT">
          <a id="AEN11" name="AEN11"></a>

          <p>This article gives some brief instructions on
          installing FreeBSD/i386 4.8-RELEASE, with particular
          emphasis given to obtaining a FreeBSD distribution. Some
          notes on troubleshooting and frequently-asked questions
          are also given.</p>
        </div>
      </blockquote>

      <div class="SECT1">
        <hr />

        <h1 class="SECT1"><a id="AEN13" name="AEN13">1 Installing
        FreeBSD</a></h1>

        <p>This section documents the process of installing a new
        distribution of FreeBSD. These instructions pay particular
        emphasis to the process of obtaining the FreeBSD
        4.8-RELEASE distribution and to beginning the installation
        procedure. The <a
        href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/install.html"
         target="_top">``Installing FreeBSD''</a> chapter of the <a
        href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/"
         target="_top">FreeBSD Handbook</a> provides more in-depth
        information about the installation program itself,
        including a guided walkthrough with screenshots.</p>

        <p>If you are upgrading from a previous release of FreeBSD,
        please see <a href="#UPGRADING">Section 3</a> for
        instructions on upgrading.</p>

        <div class="SECT2">
          <hr />

          <h2 class="SECT2"><a id="GETTING-STARTED"
          name="GETTING-STARTED">1.1 Getting Started</a></h2>

          <p>Probably the most important pre-installation step that
          can be taken is that of reading the various instruction
          documents provided with FreeBSD. A roadmap of documents
          pertaining to this release of FreeBSD can be found in <tt
          class="FILENAME">README.TXT</tt>, which can usually be
          found in the same location as this file; most of these
          documents, such as the release notes and the hardware
          compatability list, are also accessible in the
          Documentation menu of the installer.</p>

          <p>Note that on-line versions of the FreeBSD <a
          href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/faq/"
           target="_top">FAQ</a> and <a
          href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/"
           target="_top">Handbook</a> are also available from the
          <a href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/" target="_top">FreeBSD
          Project Web site</a>, if you have an Internet
          connection.</p>

          <p>This collection of documents may seem daunting, but
          the time spent reading them will likely be saved many
          times over. Being familiar with what resources are
          available can also be helpful in the event of problems
          during installation.</p>

          <p>The best laid plans sometimes go awry, so if you run
          into trouble take a look at <a href="#TROUBLE">Section
          4</a>, which contains valuable troubleshooting
          information. You should also read an updated copy of <tt
          class="FILENAME">ERRATA.TXT</tt> before installing, since
          this will alert you to any problems which have reported
          in the interim for your particular release.</p>

          <div class="IMPORTANT">
            <blockquote class="IMPORTANT">
              <p><b>Important:</b> While FreeBSD does its best to
              safeguard against accidental loss of data, it's still
              more than possible to <span class="emphasis"><i
              class="EMPHASIS">wipe out your entire disk</i></span>
              with this installation if you make a mistake. Please
              do not proceed to the final FreeBSD installation menu
              unless you've adequately backed up any important data
              first.</p>
            </blockquote>
          </div>
        </div>

        <div class="SECT2">
          <hr />

          <h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN36" name="AEN36">1.2 Hardware
          Requirements</a></h2>

          <p>FreeBSD for the i386 requires an 80386 or better
          processor. The <a
          href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+4.8-RELEASE">
          <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
          class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a>
          installation program requires 16MB of RAM; after
          installation, FreeBSD itself can be run in 4-8MB of RAM
          with a pared-down kernel. You will need at least 100MB of
          free hard drive space for the most minimal installation;
          a more realistic minimum is on the order of 250-350MB.
          See below for ways of shrinking existing DOS partitions
          in order to install FreeBSD.</p>

          <p>If you are not familiar with configuring hardware for
          FreeBSD, you should be sure to read the <tt
          class="FILENAME">HARDWARE.TXT</tt> file; it contains
          important information on what hardware is supported by
          FreeBSD.</p>
        </div>

        <div class="SECT2">
          <hr />

          <h2 class="SECT2"><a id="FLOPPIES" name="FLOPPIES">1.3
          Floppy Disk Image Instructions</a></h2>

          <p>Depending on how you choose to install FreeBSD, you
          may need to create a set of floppy disks (usually two) to
          begin the installation process. This section briefly
          describes how to create these disks, either from a CDROM
          installation or from the Internet. Note that in the
          common case of installing FreeBSD from CDROM, on a
          machine that supports bootable CDROMs, the steps outlined
          in this section will not be needed and can be
          skipped.</p>

          <p>For a normal CDROM or network installation, all you
          need to copy onto actual floppies from the <tt
          class="FILENAME">floppies/</tt> directory are the <tt
          class="FILENAME">kern.flp</tt> and <tt
          class="FILENAME">mfsroot.flp</tt> images (for 1.44MB
          floppies).</p>

          <p>Getting these images over the network is easy. Simply
          fetch the <tt class="REPLACEABLE"><i>release</i></tt><tt
          class="FILENAME">/floppies/kern.flp</tt> and <tt
          class="REPLACEABLE"><i>release</i></tt><tt
          class="FILENAME">/floppies/mfsroot.flp</tt> files from <a
          href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/"
          target="_top">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/</a> or one of the
          many mirrors listed at <a
          href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mirrors-ftp.html"
           target="_top">FTP Sites</a> section of the Handbook, or
          on the <a href="http://mirrorlist.FreeBSD.org/"
          target="_top">http://mirrorlist.FreeBSD.org/</a> Web
          pages.</p>

          <p>Get two blank, freshly formatted floppies and image
          copy <tt class="FILENAME">kern.flp</tt> onto one and <tt
          class="FILENAME">mfsroot.flp</tt> onto the other. These
          images are <span class="emphasis"><i
          class="EMPHASIS">not</i></span> DOS files. You cannot
          simply copy them to a DOS or UFS floppy as regular files,
          you need to ``image'' copy them to the floppy with <tt
          class="FILENAME">fdimage.exe</tt> under DOS (see the <tt
          class="FILENAME">tools</tt> directory on your CDROM or
          FreeBSD FTP mirror) or the <a
          href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dd&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+4.8-RELEASE">
          <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
          class="REFENTRYTITLE">dd</span>(1)</span></a> command in
          UNIX.</p>

          <p>For example, to create the kernel floppy image from
          DOS, you'd do something like this:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    <tt class="PROMPT">C&#62;</tt> <tt
class="USERINPUT"><b>fdimage kern.flp a:</b></tt>
</pre>

          <p>Assuming that you'd copied <tt
          class="FILENAME">fdimage.exe</tt> and <tt
          class="FILENAME">kern.flp</tt> into a directory
          somewhere. You would do the same for <tt
          class="FILENAME">mfsroot.flp</tt>, of course.</p>

          <p>If you're creating the boot floppy from a UNIX
          machine, you may find that:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    <tt class="PROMPT">#</tt> <tt
class="USERINPUT"><b>dd if=floppies/kern.flp of=/dev/rfd0</b></tt>
</pre>

          <p>or</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    <tt class="PROMPT">#</tt> <tt
class="USERINPUT"><b>dd if=floppies/kern.flp of=/dev/floppy</b></tt>
</pre>

          <p>work well, depending on your hardware and operating
          system environment (different versions of UNIX have
          different names for the floppy drive).</p>
        </div>

        <div class="SECT2">
          <hr />

          <h2 class="SECT2"><a id="START-INSTALLATION"
          name="START-INSTALLATION">1.4 Installing FreeBSD from
          CDROM or the Internet</a></h2>

          <p>The easiest type of installation is from CDROM. If you
          have a supported CDROM drive and a FreeBSD installation
          CDROM, there are 2 ways of starting the installation from
          it:</p>

          <ul>
            <li>
              <p>If your system supports bootable CDROM media
              (usually an option which can be selectively enabled
              in the controller's setup menu or in the PC BIOS for
              some systems) and you have it enabled, FreeBSD
              supports the ``El Torrito'' bootable CD standard.
              Simply put the installation CD in your CDROM drive
              and boot the system to begin installation.</p>
            </li>

            <li>
              <p>Build a set of FreeBSD boot floppies from the <tt
              class="FILENAME">floppies/</tt> directory in every
              FreeBSD distribution. Either simply use the <tt
              class="FILENAME">makeflp.bat</tt> script from DOS or
              read <a href="#FLOPPIES">Section 1.3</a> for more
              information on creating the bootable floppies under
              different operating systems. Then you simply boot
              from the first floppy and you should soon be in the
              FreeBSD installation.</p>
            </li>
          </ul>
          <br />
          <br />

          <p>If you don't have a CDROM (or your computer does not
          support booting from CDROM) and would like to simply
          install over the net using PPP, SLIP or a dedicated
          connection. You should start the installation by building
          a set of FreeBSD boot floppies from the files <tt
          class="FILENAME">floppies/kern.flp</tt> and <tt
          class="FILENAME">floppies/mfsroot.flp</tt> using the
          instructions found in <a href="#FLOPPIES">Section
          1.3</a>. Restart your computer using the <tt
          class="FILENAME">kern.flp</tt> disk; when prompted,
          insert the <tt class="FILENAME">mfsroot.flp</tt> disk.
          Then, please go to <a href="#FTPNFS">Section 1.5.5</a>
          for additional tips on installing via FTP or NFS.</p>
        </div>

        <div class="SECT2">
          <hr />

          <h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN132" name="AEN132">1.5 Detail
          on various installation types</a></h2>

          <p>Once you've gotten yourself to the initial
          installation screen somehow, you should be able to follow
          the various menu prompts and go from there. If you've
          never used the FreeBSD installation before, you are also
          encouraged to read some of the documentation in the
          Documentation submenu as well as the general ``Usage''
          instructions on the first menu.</p>

          <div class="NOTE">
            <blockquote class="NOTE">
              <p><b>Note:</b> If you get stuck at a screen, press
              the <b class="KEYCAP">F1</b> key for online
              documentation relevant to that specific section.</p>
            </blockquote>
          </div>

          <p>If you've never installed FreeBSD before, or even if
          you have, the ``Standard'' installation mode is the most
          recommended since it makes sure that you'll visit all the
          various important checklist items along the way. If
          you're much more comfortable with the FreeBSD
          installation process and know <span class="emphasis"><i
          class="EMPHASIS">exactly</i></span> what you want to do,
          use the ``Express'' or ``Custom'' installation options.
          If you're upgrading an existing system, use the
          ``Upgrade'' option.</p>

          <p>The FreeBSD installer supports the direct use of
          floppy, DOS, tape, CDROM, FTP, NFS and UFS partitions as
          installation media; further tips on installing from each
          type of media are listed below.</p>

          <div class="SECT3">
            <hr />

            <h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN171" name="AEN171">1.5.1
            Installing from a Network CDROM</a></h3>

            <p>If you simply wish to install from a local CDROM
            drive then see <a href="#START-INSTALLATION">Section
            1.4</a>. If you don't have a CDROM drive on your system
            and wish to use a FreeBSD distribution CD in the CDROM
            drive of another system to which you have network
            connectivity, there are also several ways of going
            about it:</p>

            <ul>
              <li>
                <p>If you would be able to FTP install FreeBSD
                directly from the CDROM drive in some FreeBSD
                machine, it's quite easy: You simply add the
                following line to the password file (using the <a
                href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=vipw&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+4.8-RELEASE">
                <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
                class="REFENTRYTITLE">vipw</span>(8)</span></a>
                command):</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/sbin/nologin
</pre>

                <p>On the machine on which you are running the
                install, go to the Options menu and set Release
                Name to <tt class="LITERAL">any</tt>. You may then
                choose a Media type of <tt class="LITERAL">FTP</tt>
                and type in <tt class="FILENAME">ftp://<tt
                class="REPLACEABLE"><i>machine</i></tt></tt> after
                picking ``URL'' in the ftp sites menu.</p>

                <div class="WARNING">
                  <blockquote class="WARNING">
                    <p><b>Warning:</b> This may allow anyone on the
                    local network (or Internet) to make ``anonymous
                    FTP'' connections to this machine, which may
                    not be desirable.</p>
                  </blockquote>
                </div>
              </li>

              <li>
                <p>If you would rather use NFS to export the CDROM
                directly to the machine(s) you'll be installing
                from, you need to first add an entry to the <tt
                class="FILENAME">/etc/exports</tt> file (on the
                machine with the CDROM drive). The example below
                allows the machine <tt
                class="HOSTID">ziggy.foo.com</tt> to mount the
                CDROM directly via NFS during installation:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    /cdrom          -ro             ziggy.foo.com
</pre>

                <p>The machine with the CDROM must also be
                configured as an NFS server, of course, and if
                you're not sure how to do that then an NFS
                installation is probably not the best choice for
                you unless you're willing to read up on <a
                href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rc.conf&sektion=5&manpath=FreeBSD+4.8-RELEASE">
                <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
                class="REFENTRYTITLE">rc.conf</span>(5)</span></a>
                and configure things appropriately. Assuming that
                this part goes smoothly, you should be able to
                enter: <tt class="FILENAME"><tt
                class="REPLACEABLE"><i>cdrom-host</i></tt>:/cdrom</tt>
                as the path for an NFS installation when the target
                machine is installed, e.g. <tt
                class="FILENAME">wiggy:/cdrom</tt>.</p>
              </li>
            </ul>
          </div>

          <div class="SECT3">
            <hr />

            <h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN203" name="AEN203">1.5.2
            Installing from Floppies</a></h3>

            <p>If you must install from floppy disks, either due to
            unsupported hardware or just because you enjoy doing
            things the hard way, you must first prepare some
            floppies for the install.</p>

            <p>First, make your boot floppies as described in <a
            href="#FLOPPIES">Section 1.3</a>.</p>

            <p>Second, peruse <a href="#LAYOUT">Section 2</a> and
            pay special attention to the ``Distribution Format''
            section since it describes which files you're going to
            need to put onto floppy and which you can safely
            skip.</p>

            <p>Next you will need, at minimum, as many 1.44MB
            floppies as it takes to hold all files in the <tt
            class="FILENAME">bin</tt> (binary distribution)
            directory. If you're preparing these floppies under
            DOS, then these floppies <span class="emphasis"><i
            class="EMPHASIS">must</i></span> be formatted using the
            MS-DOS <tt class="FILENAME">FORMAT</tt> command. If
            you're using Windows, use the Windows File Manager
            format command.</p>

            <div class="IMPORTANT">
              <blockquote class="IMPORTANT">
                <p><b>Important:</b> Frequently, floppy disks come
                ``factory preformatted''. While convenient, many
                problems reported by users in the past have
                resulted from the use of improperly formatted
                media. Re-format them yourself, just to make
                sure.</p>
              </blockquote>
            </div>

            <p>If you're creating the floppies from another FreeBSD
            machine, a format is still not a bad idea though you
            don't need to put a DOS filesystem on each floppy. You
            can use the <a
            href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=disklabel&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+4.8-RELEASE">
            <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
            class="REFENTRYTITLE">disklabel</span>(8)</span></a>
            and <a
            href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=newfs&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+4.8-RELEASE">
            <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
            class="REFENTRYTITLE">newfs</span>(8)</span></a>
            commands to put a UFS filesystem on a floppy, as the
            following sequence of commands illustrates:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    <tt class="PROMPT">#</tt> <tt
class="USERINPUT"><b>fdformat -f 1440 fd0.1440</b></tt>
    <tt class="PROMPT">#</tt> <tt
class="USERINPUT"><b>disklabel -w -r fd0.1440 floppy3</b></tt>
    <tt class="PROMPT">#</tt> <tt
class="USERINPUT"><b>newfs -t 2 -u 18 -l 1 -i 65536 /dev/fd0</b></tt>
</pre>

            <p>After you've formatted the floppies for DOS or UFS,
            you'll need to copy the files onto them. The
            distribution files are split into chunks conveniently
            sized so that 5 of them will fit on a conventional
            1.44MB floppy. Go through all your floppies, packing as
            many files as will fit on each one, until you've got
            all the distributions you want packed up in this
            fashion. Each distribution should go into its own
            subdirectory on the floppy, e.g.: <tt
            class="FILENAME">a:\bin\bin.inf</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">a:\bin\bin.aa</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">a:\bin\bin.ab</tt>, ...</p>

            <div class="IMPORTANT">
              <blockquote class="IMPORTANT">
                <p><b>Important:</b> The <tt
                class="FILENAME">bin.inf</tt> file also needs to go
                on the first floppy of the <tt
                class="FILENAME">bin</tt> set since it is read by
                the installation program in order to figure out how
                many additional pieces to look for when fetching
                and concatenating the distribution. When putting
                distributions onto floppies, the <tt
                class="FILENAME">distname.inf</tt> file <span
                class="emphasis"><i
                class="EMPHASIS">must</i></span> occupy the first
                floppy of each distribution set. This is also
                covered in <tt
                class="FILENAME">README.TXT</tt>.</p>
              </blockquote>
            </div>

            <p>Once you come to the Media screen of the install,
            select ``Floppy'' and you'll be prompted for the
            rest.</p>
          </div>

          <div class="SECT3">
            <hr />

            <h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN245" name="AEN245">1.5.3
            Installing from a DOS partition</a></h3>

            <p>To prepare for installation from an MS-DOS partition
            you should simply copy the files from the distribution
            into a directory called <tt
            class="FILENAME">FREEBSD</tt> on the Primary DOS
            partition (<tt class="DEVICENAME">C:</tt>). For
            example, to do a minimal installation of FreeBSD from
            DOS using files copied from the CDROM, you might do
            something like this:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    <tt class="PROMPT">C:\&#62;</tt> <tt
class="USERINPUT"><b>MD C:\FREEBSD</b></tt>
    <tt class="PROMPT">C:\&#62;</tt> <tt
class="USERINPUT"><b>XCOPY /S E:\BIN C:\FREEBSD\BIN</b></tt>
</pre>

            <p>Assuming that <tt class="DEVICENAME">E:</tt> was
            where your CD was mounted.</p>

            <p>For as many distributions as you wish to install
            from DOS (and you have free space for), install each
            one in a directory under <tt
            class="FILENAME">C:\FREEBSD</tt> - the <tt
            class="FILENAME">BIN</tt> dist is only the minimal
            requirement.</p>

            <p>Once you've copied the directories, you can simply
            launch the installation from floppies as normal and
            select ``DOS'' as your media type when the time
            comes.</p>
          </div>

          <div class="SECT3">
            <hr />

            <h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN262" name="AEN262">1.5.4
            Installing from QIC/SCSI Tape</a></h3>

            <p>When installing from tape, the installation program
            expects the files to be simply tar'ed onto it, so after
            fetching all of the files for the distributions you're
            interested in, simply use <a
            href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tar&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+4.8-RELEASE">
            <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
            class="REFENTRYTITLE">tar</span>(1)</span></a> to get
            them onto the tape with a command something like
            this:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    <tt class="PROMPT">#</tt> <tt class="USERINPUT"><b>cd <tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>/where/you/have/your/dists</i></tt></b></tt>
    <tt class="PROMPT">#</tt> <tt
class="USERINPUT"><b>tar cvf /dev/rsa0 <tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>dist1</i></tt> .. <tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>dist2</i></tt></b></tt>
</pre>

            <p>When you go to do the installation, you should also
            make sure that you leave enough room in some temporary
            directory (which you'll be allowed to choose) to
            accommodate the <span class="emphasis"><i
            class="EMPHASIS">full</i></span> contents of the tape
            you've created. Due to the non-random access nature of
            tapes, this method of installation requires quite a bit
            of temporary storage. You should expect to require as
            much temporary storage as you have stuff written on
            tape.</p>

            <div class="NOTE">
              <blockquote class="NOTE">
                <p><b>Note:</b> When going to do the installation,
                the tape must be in the drive <span
                class="emphasis"><i
                class="EMPHASIS">before</i></span> booting from the
                boot floppies. The installation ``probe'' may
                otherwise fail to find it.</p>
              </blockquote>
            </div>

            <p>Now create a boot floppy as described in <a
            href="#FLOPPIES">Section 1.3</a> and proceed with the
            installation.</p>
          </div>

          <div class="SECT3">
            <hr />

            <h3 class="SECT3"><a id="FTPNFS" name="FTPNFS">1.5.5
            Installing over a Network using FTP or NFS</a></h3>

            <p>After making the boot floppies as described in the
            first section, you can load the rest of the
            installation over a network using one of 3 types of
            connections: serial port, parallel port, or
            Ethernet.</p>

            <div class="SECT4">
              <hr />

              <h4 class="SECT4"><a id="AEN287"
              name="AEN287">1.5.5.1 Serial Port</a></h4>

              <p>SLIP support is rather primitive, and is limited
              primarily to hard-wired links, such as a serial cable
              running between two computers. The link must be
              hard-wired because the SLIP installation doesn't
              currently offer a dialing capability. If you need to
              dial out with a modem or otherwise dialog with the
              link before connecting to it, then I recommend that
              the PPP utility be used instead.</p>

              <p>If you're using PPP, make sure that you have your
              Internet Service Provider's IP address and DNS
              information handy as you'll need to know it fairly
              early in the installation process. You may also need
              to know your own IP address, though PPP supports
              dynamic address negotiation and may be able to pick
              up this information directly from your ISP if they
              support it.</p>

              <p>You will also need to know how to use the various
              ``AT commands'' for dialing out with your particular
              brand of modem as the PPP dialer provides only a very
              simple terminal emulator.</p>
            </div>

            <div class="SECT4">
              <hr />

              <h4 class="SECT4"><a id="AEN293"
              name="AEN293">1.5.5.2 Parallel Port</a></h4>

              <p>If a hard-wired connection to another FreeBSD or
              Linux machine is available, you might also consider
              installing over a ``laplink'' style parallel port
              cable. The data rate over the parallel port is much
              higher than what is typically possible over a serial
              line (up to 50k/sec), thus resulting in a quicker
              installation. It's not typically necessary to use
              ``real'' IP addresses when using a point-to-point
              parallel cable in this way and you can generally just
              use RFC 1918 style addresses for the ends of the link
              (e.g. <tt class="HOSTID">10.0.0.1</tt>, <tt
              class="HOSTID">10.0.0.2</tt>, etc).</p>

              <div class="IMPORTANT">
                <blockquote class="IMPORTANT">
                  <p><b>Important:</b> If you use a Linux machine
                  rather than a FreeBSD machine as your PLIP peer,
                  you will also have to specify <tt
                  class="OPTION">link0</tt> in the TCP/IP setup
                  screen's ``extra options for ifconfig'' field in
                  order to be compatible with Linux's slightly
                  different PLIP protocol.</p>
                </blockquote>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="SECT4">
              <hr />

              <h4 class="SECT4"><a id="AEN304"
              name="AEN304">1.5.5.3 Ethernet</a></h4>

              <p>FreeBSD supports many common Ethernet cards; a
              table of supported cards is provided as part of the
              FreeBSD Hardware Notes (see <tt
              class="FILENAME">HARDWARE.TXT</tt> in the
              Documentation menu on the boot floppy or the top
              level directory of the CDROM). If you are using one
              of the supported PCMCIA Ethernet cards, also be sure
              that it's plugged in <span class="emphasis"><i
              class="EMPHASIS">before</i></span> the laptop is
              powered on. FreeBSD does not, unfortunately,
              currently support ``hot insertion'' of PCMCIA cards
              during installation.</p>

              <p>You will also need to know your IP address on the
              network, the <tt class="OPTION">netmask</tt> value
              for your subnet and the name of your machine. Your
              system administrator can tell you which values are
              appropriate to your particular network setup. If you
              will be referring to other hosts by name rather than
              IP address, you'll also need a name server and
              possibly the address of a gateway (if you're using
              PPP, it's your provider's IP address) to use in
              talking to it. If you want to install by FTP via an
              HTTP proxy (see below), you will also need the
              proxy's address.</p>

              <p>If you do not know the answers to these questions
              then you should really probably talk to your system
              administrator <span class="emphasis"><i
              class="EMPHASIS">first</i></span> before trying this
              type of installation. Using a randomly chosen IP
              address or netmask on a live network is almost
              guaranteed not to work, and will probably result in a
              lecture from said system administrator.</p>

              <p>Once you have a network connection of some sort
              working, the installation can continue over NFS or
              FTP.</p>
            </div>

            <div class="SECT4">
              <hr />

              <h4 class="SECT4"><a id="AEN315"
              name="AEN315">1.5.5.4 NFS installation tips</a></h4>

              <p>NFS installation is fairly straight-forward:
              Simply copy the FreeBSD distribution files you want
              onto a server somewhere and then point the NFS media
              selection at it.</p>

              <p>If this server supports only ``privileged port''
              access (this is generally the default for Sun and
              Linux workstations), you will need to set this option
              in the Options menu before installation can
              proceed.</p>

              <p>If you have a poor quality Ethernet card which
              suffers from very slow transfer rates, you may also
              wish to toggle the appropriate Options flag.</p>

              <p>In order for NFS installation to work, the server
              must also support ``subdir mounts'', e.g. if your
              FreeBSD distribution directory lives on <tt
              class="FILENAME">wiggy:/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD</tt>,
              then <tt class="HOSTID">wiggy</tt> will have to allow
              the direct mounting of <tt
              class="FILENAME">/usr/archive/stuff/FreeBSD</tt>, not
              just <tt class="FILENAME">/usr</tt> or <tt
              class="FILENAME">/usr/archive/stuff</tt>.</p>

              <p>In FreeBSD's <tt
              class="FILENAME">/etc/exports</tt> file this is
              controlled by the <tt class="OPTION">-alldirs</tt>
              option. Other NFS servers may have different
              conventions. If you are getting <tt
              class="LITERAL">Permission Denied</tt> messages from
              the server then it's likely that you don't have this
              properly enabled.</p>
            </div>

            <div class="SECT4">
              <hr />

              <h4 class="SECT4"><a id="AEN332"
              name="AEN332">1.5.5.5 FTP Installation tips</a></h4>

              <p>FTP installation may be done from any mirror site
              containing a reasonably up-to-date version of
              FreeBSD. A full menu of reasonable choices for almost
              any location in the world is provided in the FTP site
              menu during installation.</p>

              <p>If you are installing from some other FTP site not
              listed in this menu, or you are having troubles
              getting your name server configured properly, you can
              also specify your own URL by selecting the ``URL''
              choice in that menu. A URL can contain a hostname or
              an IP address, so something like the following would
              work in the absence of a name server:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    ftp://216.66.64.162/pub/FreeBSD/releases/i386/4.2-RELEASE
</pre>

              <p>There are three FTP installation modes you can
              use:</p>

              <ul>
                <li>
                  <p>FTP: This method uses the standard ``Active''
                  mode for transfers, in which the server initiates
                  a connection to the client. This will not work
                  through most firewalls but will often work best
                  with older FTP servers that do not support
                  passive mode. If your connection hangs with
                  passive mode, try this one.</p>
                </li>

                <li>
                  <p>FTP Passive: This sets the FTP "Passive" mode
                  which prevents the server from opening
                  connections to the client. This option is best
                  for users to pass through firewalls that do not
                  allow incoming connections on random port
                  addresses.</p>
                </li>

                <li>
                  <p>FTP via an HTTP proxy: This option instructs
                  FreeBSD to use HTTP to connect to a proxy for all
                  FTP operations. The proxy will translate the
                  requests and send them to the FTP server. This
                  allows the user to pass through firewalls that do
                  not allow FTP at all, but offer an HTTP proxy.
                  You must specify the hostname of the proxy in
                  addition to the FTP server.</p>

                  <p>In the rare case that you have an FTP proxy
                  that does not go through HTTP, you can specify
                  the URL as something like:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    <tt class="USERINPUT"><b>ftp://foo.bar.com:<tt
class="REPLACEABLE"><i>port</i></tt>/pub/FreeBSD</b></tt>
</pre>

                  <p>In the URL above, <tt
                  class="REPLACEABLE"><i>port</i></tt> is the port
                  number of the proxy FTP server.</p>
                </li>
              </ul>
              <br />
              <br />
            </div>
          </div>

          <div class="SECT3">
            <hr />

            <h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN353" name="AEN353">1.5.6
            Tips for Serial Console Users</a></h3>

            <p>If you'd like to install FreeBSD on a machine using
            just a serial port (e.g. you don't have or wish to use
            a VGA card), please follow these steps:</p>

            <div class="PROCEDURE">
              <ol type="1">
                <li>
                  <p>Connect some sort of ANSI (vt100) compatible
                  terminal or terminal emulation program to the <tt
                  class="DEVICENAME">COM1</tt> port of the PC you
                  are installing FreeBSD onto.</p>
                </li>

                <li>
                  <p>Unplug the keyboard (yes, that's correct!) and
                  then try to boot from floppy or the installation
                  CDROM, depending on the type of installation
                  media you have, with the keyboard unplugged.</p>
                </li>

                <li>
                  <p>If you don't get any output on your serial
                  console, plug the keyboard in again and wait for
                  some beeps. If you are booting from the CDROM,
                  proceed to <a href="#HITSPACE">step 5</a> as soon
                  as you hear the beep.</p>
                </li>

                <li>
                  <p>For a floppy boot, the first beep means to
                  remove the <tt class="FILENAME">kern.flp</tt>
                  floppy and insert the <tt
                  class="FILENAME">mfsroot.flp</tt> floppy, after
                  which you should press <b
                  class="KEYCAP">Enter</b> and wait for another
                  beep.</p>
                </li>

                <li>
                  <a id="HITSPACE" name="HITSPACE"></a>

                  <p>Hit the space bar, then enter</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    <tt class="USERINPUT"><b>boot -h</b></tt>
</pre>

                  <p>and you should now definitely be seeing
                  everything on the serial port. If that still
                  doesn't work, check your serial cabling as well
                  as the settings on your terminal emulation
                  program or actual terminal device. It should be
                  set for 9600 baud, 8 bits, no parity.</p>
                </li>
              </ol>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>

        <div class="SECT2">
          <hr />

          <h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN375" name="AEN375">1.6
          Question and Answer Section for i386 Architecture
          Users</a></h2>

          <div class="QANDASET">
            <dl>
              <dt>1.6.1. <a href="#Q1.6.1.">Help! I have no space!
              Do I need to delete everything first?</a></dt>

              <dt>1.6.2. <a href="#Q1.6.2.">Can I use compressed
              DOS filesystems from FreeBSD?</a></dt>

              <dt>1.6.3. <a href="#Q1.6.3.">Can I mount my DOS
              extended partitions?</a></dt>

              <dt>1.6.4. <a href="#Q1.6.4.">Can I run DOS binaries
              under FreeBSD?</a></dt>
            </dl>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q1.6.1." name="Q1.6.1."></a><b>1.6.1.</b>
                Help! I have no space! Do I need to delete
                everything first?</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>If your machine is already running DOS
                and has little or no free space available for
                FreeBSD's installation, all is not lost! You may
                find the <b class="APPLICATION">FIPS</b> utility,
                provided in the <tt class="FILENAME">tools/</tt>
                subdirectory on the FreeBSD CDROM or on the various
                FreeBSD ftp sites, to be quite useful.</p>

                <p><b class="APPLICATION">FIPS</b> allows you to
                split an existing DOS partition into two pieces,
                preserving the original partition and allowing you
                to install onto the second free piece. You first
                ``defrag'' your DOS partition, using the DOS 6.xx
                <tt class="FILENAME">DEFRAG</tt> utility or the <b
                class="APPLICATION">Norton Disk Tools</b>, then run
                FIPS. It will prompt you for the rest of the
                information it needs. Afterwards, you can reboot
                and install FreeBSD on the new partition. Also note
                that FIPS will create the second partition as a
                ``clone'' of the first, so you'll actually see that
                you now have two DOS Primary partitions where you
                formerly had one. Don't be alarmed! You can simply
                delete the extra DOS Primary partition (making sure
                it's the right one by examining its size).</p>

                <p><b class="APPLICATION">FIPS</b> does NOT
                currently work with NTFS style partitions. To split
                up such a partition, you will need a commercial
                product such as <b class="APPLICATION">Partition
                Magic</b>. Sorry, but this is just the breaks if
                you've got a Windows partition hogging your whole
                disk and you don't want to reinstall from
                scratch.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q1.6.2." name="Q1.6.2."></a><b>1.6.2.</b>
                Can I use compressed DOS filesystems from
                FreeBSD?</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>No. If you are using a utility such as <b
                class="APPLICATION">Stacker</b>(tm) or <b
                class="APPLICATION">DoubleSpace</b>(tm), FreeBSD
                will only be able to use whatever portion of the
                filesystem you leave uncompressed. The rest of the
                filesystem will show up as one large file (the
                stacked/dblspaced file!). <span class="emphasis"><i
                class="EMPHASIS">Do not remove that file</i></span>
                as you will probably regret it greatly!</p>

                <p>It is probably better to create another
                uncompressed DOS extended partition and use this
                for communications between DOS and FreeBSD if such
                is your desire.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q1.6.3." name="Q1.6.3."></a><b>1.6.3.</b>
                Can I mount my DOS extended partitions?</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>Yes. DOS extended partitions are mapped
                in at the end of the other ``slices'' in FreeBSD,
                e.g. your <tt class="DEVICENAME">D:</tt> drive
                might be <tt class="FILENAME">/dev/da0s5</tt>, your
                <tt class="DEVICENAME">E:</tt> drive <tt
                class="FILENAME">/dev/da0s6</tt>, and so on. This
                example assumes, of course, that your extended
                partition is on SCSI drive 0. For IDE drives,
                substitute <tt class="LITERAL">ad</tt> for <tt
                class="LITERAL">da</tt> appropriately. You
                otherwise mount extended partitions exactly like
                you would mount any other DOS drive, e.g.:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    <tt class="PROMPT">#</tt> <tt
class="USERINPUT"><b>mount -t msdos /dev/da0s5 /dos_d</b></tt>
</pre>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q1.6.4." name="Q1.6.4."></a><b>1.6.4.</b>
                Can I run DOS binaries under FreeBSD?</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>Ongoing work with BSDI's <a
                href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=doscmd&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+4.8-RELEASE">
                <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
                class="REFENTRYTITLE">doscmd</span>(1)</span></a>
                utility will suffice in many cases, though it still
                has some rough edges. If you're interested in
                working on this, please send mail to the
                FreeBSD-emulation mailing list <tt
                class="EMAIL">&#60;<a
                href="mailto:freebsd-emulation@FreeBSD.org">freebsd-emulation@FreeBSD.org</a>&#62;</tt>
                and indicate that you're interested in joining this
                ongoing effort!</p>

                <p>The <a
                href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/emulators/pcemu/pkg-descr">
                <tt class="FILENAME">emulators/pcemu</tt></a>
                port/package in the FreeBSD Ports Collection which
                emulates an 8088 and enough BIOS services to run
                DOS text mode applications. It requires the X
                Window System (XFree86) to operate.</p>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="SECT1">
        <hr />

        <h1 class="SECT1"><a id="LAYOUT" name="LAYOUT">2
        Distribution Format</a></h1>

        <p>A typical FreeBSD distribution directory looks something
        like this:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    ERRATA.HTM      README.TXT      compat1x        dict            kernel
    ERRATA.TXT      RELNOTES.HTM    compat20        doc             manpages
    HARDWARE.HTM    RELNOTES.TXT    compat21        docbook.css     packages
    HARDWARE.TXT    bin             compat22        filename.txt    ports
    INSTALL.HTM     boot            compat3x        floppies        proflibs
    INSTALL.TXT     catpages        compat4x        games           src
    README.HTM      cdrom.inf       crypto          info            tools
</pre>

        <p>If you want to do a CDROM, FTP or NFS installation from
        this distribution directory, all you need to do is make the
        1.44MB boot floppies from the floppies directory (see <a
        href="#FLOPPIES">Section 1.3</a> for instructions on how to
        do this), boot them and follow the instructions. The rest
        of the data needed during the installation will be obtained
        automatically based on your selections. If you've never
        installed FreeBSD before, you also want to read the
        entirety of this document (the installation instructions)
        file.</p>

        <p>If you're trying to do some other type of installation
        or are merely curious about how a distribution is
        organized, what follows is a more thorough description of
        some of these items in more detail:</p>

        <ol type="1">
          <li>
            <p>The <tt class="FILENAME">*.TXT</tt> and <tt
            class="FILENAME">*.HTM</tt> files contain documentation
            (for example, this document is contained in both <tt
            class="FILENAME">INSTALL.TXT</tt> and <tt
            class="FILENAME">INSTALL.HTM</tt>) and should be read
            before starting an installation. The <tt
            class="FILENAME">*.TXT</tt> files are plain text, while
            the <tt class="FILENAME">*.HTM</tt> files are HTML
            files that can be read by almost any Web browser. Some
            distributions may contain documentation in other
            formats as well, such as PDF or PostScript.</p>
          </li>

          <li>
            <p><tt class="FILENAME">docbook.css</tt> is a Cascading
            Style Sheet (CSS) file used by some Web browsers for
            formatting the HTML documentation.</p>
          </li>

          <li>
            <p>The <tt class="FILENAME">bin</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">catpages</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">crypto</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">dict</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">doc</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">games</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">info</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">manpages</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">proflibs</tt>, and <tt
            class="FILENAME">src</tt> directories contain the
            primary distribution components of FreeBSD itself and
            are split into smaller files for easy packing onto
            floppies (should that be necessary).</p>
          </li>

          <li>
            <p>The <tt class="FILENAME">compat1x</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">compat20</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">compat21</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">compat22</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">compat3x</tt>, and <tt
            class="FILENAME">compat4x</tt> directories contain
            distributions for compatibility with older releases and
            are distributed as single gzip'd tar files - they can
            be installed during release time or later by running
            their <tt class="FILENAME">install.sh</tt> scripts.</p>
          </li>

          <li>
            <p>The <tt class="FILENAME">floppies/</tt> subdirectory
            contains the floppy installation images; further
            information on using them can be found in <a
            href="#FLOPPIES">Section 1.3</a>.</p>
          </li>

          <li>
            <p>The <tt class="FILENAME">packages</tt> and <tt
            class="FILENAME">ports</tt> directories contain the
            FreeBSD Packages and Ports Collections. Packages may be
            installed from the packages directory by running the
            command:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    <tt class="PROMPT">#</tt><tt
class="USERINPUT"><b>/stand/sysinstall configPackages</b></tt>
</pre>

            <p>Packages can also be installed by feeding individual
            filenames in <tt class="FILENAME">packages</tt>/ to the
            <a
            href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pkg_add&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+4.8-RELEASE">
            <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
            class="REFENTRYTITLE">pkg_add</span>(1)</span></a>
            command.</p>

            <p>The Ports Collection may be installed like any other
            distribution and requires about 100MB unpacked. More
            information on the ports collection may be obtained
            from <a href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/"
            target="_top">http://www.FreeBSD.org/ports/</a> or
            locally from <tt
            class="FILENAME">/usr/share/doc/handbook</tt> if you've
            installed the <tt class="FILENAME">doc</tt>
            distribution.</p>
          </li>

          <li>
            <p>Last of all, the <tt class="FILENAME">tools</tt>
            directory contains various DOS tools for discovering
            disk geometries, installing boot managers and the like.
            It is purely optional and provided only for user
            convenience.</p>
          </li>
        </ol>
        <br />
        <br />

        <p>A typical distribution directory (for example, the <tt
        class="FILENAME">info</tt> distribution) looks like this
        internally:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    CHECKSUM.MD5    info.ab         info.ad         info.inf        install.sh
    info.aa         info.ac         info.ae         info.mtree
</pre>

        <p>The <tt class="FILENAME">CHECKSUM.MD5</tt> file contains
        MD5 signatures for each file, should data corruption be
        suspected, and is purely for reference. It is not used by
        the actual installation and does not need to be copied with
        the rest of the distribution files. The <tt
        class="FILENAME">info.a*</tt> files are split, gzip'd tar
        files, the contents of which can be viewed by doing:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    <tt class="PROMPT">#</tt> <tt
class="USERINPUT"><b>cat info.a* | tar tvzf -</b></tt>
</pre>

        <p>During installation, they are automatically concatenated
        and extracted by the installation procedure.</p>

        <p>The <tt class="FILENAME">info.inf</tt> file is also
        necessary since it is read by the installation program in
        order to figure out how many pieces to look for when
        fetching and concatenating the distribution. When putting
        distributions onto floppies, the <tt
        class="FILENAME">.inf</tt> file <span class="emphasis"><i
        class="EMPHASIS">must</i></span> occupy the first floppy of
        each distribution set!</p>

        <p>The <tt class="FILENAME">info.mtree</tt> file is another
        non-essential file which is provided for user reference. It
        contains the MD5 signatures of the <span
        class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">unpacked</i></span>
        distribution files and can be later used with the <a
        href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=mtree&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+4.8-RELEASE">
        <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
        class="REFENTRYTITLE">mtree</span>(8)</span></a> program to
        verify the installation permissions and checksums against
        any possible modifications to the file. When used with the
        <tt class="FILENAME">bin</tt> distribution, this can be an
        excellent way of detecting trojan horse attacks on your
        system.</p>

        <p>Finally, the <tt class="FILENAME">install.sh</tt> file
        is for use by those who want to install the distribution
        after installation time. To install the info distribution
        from CDROM after a system was installed, for example, you'd
        do:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    <tt class="PROMPT">#</tt> <tt
class="USERINPUT"><b>cd /cdrom/info</b></tt>
    <tt class="PROMPT">#</tt> <tt
class="USERINPUT"><b>sh install.sh</b></tt>
</pre>
      </div>

      <div class="SECT1">
        <hr />

        <h1 class="SECT1"><a id="UPGRADING" name="UPGRADING">3
        Upgrading FreeBSD</a></h1>

        <p>These instructions describe a procedure for doing a
        binary upgrade from an older version of FreeBSD.</p>

        <div class="WARNING">
          <blockquote class="WARNING">
            <p><b>Warning:</b> While the FreeBSD upgrade procedure
            does its best to safeguard against accidental loss of
            data, it is still more than possible to <span
            class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">wipe out your
            entire disk</i></span> with this installation! Please
            do not accept the final confirmation request unless you
            have adequately backed up any important data files.</p>
          </blockquote>
        </div>

        <div class="IMPORTANT">
          <blockquote class="IMPORTANT">
            <p><b>Important:</b> These notes assume that you are
            using the version of <a
            href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+4.8-RELEASE">
            <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
            class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a>
            supplied with the version of FreeBSD to which you
            intend to upgrade. Using a mismatched version of <a
            href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+4.8-RELEASE">
            <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
            class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a>
            is almost guaranteed to cause problems and has been
            known to leave systems in an unusable state. The most
            commonly made mistake in this regard is the use of an
            old copy of <a
            href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+4.8-RELEASE">
            <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
            class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a>
            from an existing installation to upgrade to a newer
            version of FreeBSD. This is <span class="emphasis"><i
            class="EMPHASIS">not</i></span> recommended.</p>
          </blockquote>
        </div>

        <div class="SECT2">
          <hr />

          <h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN571" name="AEN571">3.1
          Introduction</a></h2>

          <p>The upgrade procedure replaces distributions selected
          by the user with those corresponding to the new FreeBSD
          release. It preserves standard system configuration data,
          as well as user data, installed packages and other
          software.</p>

          <p>Administrators contemplating an upgrade are encouraged
          to study this section in its entirety before commencing
          an upgrade. Failure to do so may result in a failed
          upgrade or loss of data.</p>

          <div class="SECT3">
            <hr />

            <h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN575" name="AEN575">3.1.1
            Upgrade Overview</a></h3>

            <p>Upgrading of a distribution is performed by
            extracting the new version of the component over the
            top of the previous version. Files belonging to the old
            distribution are not deleted.</p>

            <p>System configuration is preserved by retaining and
            restoring the previous version of the following
            files:</p>

            <p><tt class="FILENAME">Xaccel.ini</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">XF86Config</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">adduser.conf</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">aliases</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">aliases.db</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">amd.map</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">crontab</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">csh.cshrc</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">csh.login</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">csh.logout</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">cvsupfile</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">dhclient.conf</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">disktab</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">dm.conf</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">dumpdates</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">exports</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">fbtab</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">fstab</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">ftpusers</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">gettytab</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">gnats</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">group</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">hosts</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">host.conf</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">hosts.allow</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">hosts.equiv</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">hosts.lpd</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">inetd.conf</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">kerberosIV</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">localtime</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">login.access</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">login.conf</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">mail</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">mail.rc</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">make.conf</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">manpath.config</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">master.passwd</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">modems</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">motd</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">namedb</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">networks</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">newsyslog.conf</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">nsmb.conf</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">pam.conf</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">passwd</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">periodic</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">ppp</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">printcap</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">profile</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">pwd.db</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">rc.conf</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">rc.conf.local</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">rc.firewall</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">rc.local</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">remote</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">resolv.conf</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">rmt</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">sendmail.cf</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">sendmail.cw</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">services</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">shells</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">skeykeys</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">spwd.db</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">ssh</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">syslog.conf</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">ttys</tt>, <tt
            class="FILENAME">uucp</tt></p>

            <p>The versions of these files which correspond to the
            new version are moved to <tt
            class="FILENAME">/etc/upgrade/</tt>. The system
            administrator may peruse these new versions and merge
            components as desired. Note that many of these files
            are interdependent, and the best merge procedure is to
            copy all site-specific data from the current files into
            the new.</p>

            <p>During the upgrade procedure, the administrator is
            prompted for a location into which all files from <tt
            class="FILENAME">/etc/</tt> are saved. In the event
            that local modifications have been made to other files,
            they may be subsequently retrieved from this
            location.</p>
          </div>
        </div>

        <div class="SECT2">
          <hr />

          <h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN651" name="AEN651">3.2
          Procedure</a></h2>

          <p>This section details the upgrade procedure. Particular
          attention is given to items which substantially differ
          from a normal installation.</p>

          <div class="SECT3">
            <hr />

            <h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN654" name="AEN654">3.2.1
            Backup</a></h3>

            <p>User data and system configuration should be backed
            up before upgrading. While the upgrade procedure does
            its best to prevent accidental mistakes, it is possible
            to partially or completely destroy data and
            configuration information.</p>
          </div>

          <div class="SECT3">
            <hr />

            <h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN657" name="AEN657">3.2.2
            Mount Filesystems</a></h3>

            <p>The disklabel editor is entered with the nominated
            disk's filesystem devices listed. Prior to commencing
            the upgrade, the administrator should make a note of
            the device names and corresponding mountpoints. These
            mountpoints should be entered here. <span
            class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">Do
            not</i></span>set the ``newfs flag'' for any
            filesystems, as this will cause data loss.</p>
          </div>

          <div class="SECT3">
            <hr />

            <h3 class="SECT3"><a id="AEN662" name="AEN662">3.2.3
            Select Distributions</a></h3>

            <p>When selecting distributions, there are no
            constraints on which must be selected. As a general
            rule, the <tt class="LITERAL">bin</tt> distribution
            should be selected for an update, and the <tt
            class="LITERAL">man</tt> distribution if manpages are
            already installed. Other distributions may be selected
            beyond those originally installed if the administrator
            wishes to add additional functionality.</p>
          </div>

          <div class="SECT3">
            <hr />

            <h3 class="SECT3"><a id="FSTAB" name="FSTAB">3.2.4
            After Installation</a></h3>

            <p>Once the installation procedure has completed, the
            administrator is prompted to examine the new
            configuration files. At this point, checks should be
            made to ensure that the system configuration is valid.
            In particular, the <tt
            class="FILENAME">/etc/rc.conf</tt> and <tt
            class="FILENAME">/etc/fstab</tt> files should be
            checked.</p>
          </div>
        </div>

        <div class="SECT2">
          <hr />

          <h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN672" name="AEN672">3.3
          Upgrading from Source Code</a></h2>

          <p>Those interested in an upgrade method that allows more
          flexibility and sophistication should take a look at <a
          href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/cutting-edge.html"
           target="_top">The Cutting Edge</a> in the FreeBSD
          Handbook. This procedure involves rebuilding all of
          FreeBSD from source code. It requires reliable network
          connectivity, extra disk space, and time, but has
          advantages for networks and other more complex
          installations. This is roughly the same procedure as is
          used for track the -STABLE or -CURRENT development
          branches.</p>

          <p><tt class="FILENAME">/usr/src/UPDATING</tt> contains
          important information on updating a FreeBSD system from
          source code. It lists various issues resulting from
          changes in FreeBSD that may affect an upgrade.</p>

          <p></p>
        </div>
      </div>

      <div class="SECT1">
        <hr />

        <h1 class="SECT1"><a id="TROUBLE" name="TROUBLE">4
        Troubleshooting</a></h1>

        <div class="SECT2">
          <h2 class="SECT2"><a id="REPAIRING" name="REPAIRING">4.1
          Repairing an Existing FreeBSD Installation</a></h2>

          <p>FreeBSD features a ``Fixit'' option in the top menu of
          the boot floppy. To use it, you will also need either a
          <tt class="FILENAME">fixit.flp</tt> image floppy,
          generated in the same fashion as the boot floppy, or the
          ``live filesystem'' CDROM; typically the second CDROM in
          a multi-disc FreeBSD distribution.</p>

          <p>To invoke fixit, simply boot the <tt
          class="FILENAME">kern.flp</tt> floppy, choose the
          ``Fixit'' item and insert the fixit floppy or CDROM when
          asked. You will then be placed into a shell with a wide
          variety of commands available (in the <tt
          class="FILENAME">/stand</tt> and <tt
          class="FILENAME">/mnt2/stand</tt> directories) for
          checking, repairing and examining file systems and their
          contents. Some UNIX administration experience <span
          class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">is</i></span>
          required to use the fixit option.</p>
        </div>

        <div class="SECT2">
          <hr />

          <h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN693" name="AEN693">4.2 Common
          Installation Problems, Q&amp;A</a></h2>

          <div class="QANDASET">
            <dl>
              <dt>4.2.1. <a href="#Q4.2.1.">I go to boot from the
              hard disk for the first time after installing
              FreeBSD, the kernel loads and probes my hardware, but
              stops with messages like:</a></dt>

              <dt>4.2.2. <a href="#Q4.2.2.">I go to boot from the
              hard disk for the first time after installing
              FreeBSD, but the Boot Manager prompt just prints <tt
              class="LITERAL">F?</tt> at the boot menu each time
              but the boot won't go any further.</a></dt>
            </dl>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.2.1." name="Q4.2.1."></a><b>4.2.1.</b>
                I go to boot from the hard disk for the first time
                after installing FreeBSD, the kernel loads and
                probes my hardware, but stops with messages
                like:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    changing root device to wd1s1a panic: cannot mount root
</pre>

                <p>What is wrong? What can I do?</p>

                <p>What is this <tt
                class="LITERAL">bios_drive:interface(unit,partition)kernel_name</tt>
                thing that is displayed with the boot help?</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>There is a longstanding problem in the
                case where the boot disk is not the first disk in
                the system. The BIOS uses a different numbering
                scheme to FreeBSD, and working out which numbers
                correspond to which is difficult to get right.</p>

                <p>In the case where the boot disk is not the first
                disk in the system, FreeBSD can need some help
                finding it. There are two common situations here,
                and in both of these cases, you need to tell
                FreeBSD where the root filesystem is. You do this
                by specifying the BIOS disk number, the disk type
                and the FreeBSD disk number for that type.</p>

                <p>The first situation is where you have two IDE
                disks, each configured as the master on their
                respective IDE busses, and wish to boot FreeBSD
                from the second disk. The BIOS sees these as disk 0
                and disk 1, while FreeBSD sees them as <tt
                class="DEVICENAME">wd0</tt> and <tt
                class="DEVICENAME">wd2</tt>.</p>

                <p>FreeBSD is on BIOS disk 1, of type <tt
                class="LITERAL">wd</tt> and the FreeBSD disk number
                is 2, so you would say:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    <tt class="USERINPUT"><b>1:wd(2,a)kernel</b></tt>
</pre>

                <p>Note that if you have a slave on the primary
                bus, the above is not necessary (and is effectively
                wrong).</p>

                <p>The second situation involves booting from a
                SCSI disk when you have one or more IDE disks in
                the system. In this case, the FreeBSD disk number
                is lower than the BIOS disk number. If you have two
                IDE disks as well as the SCSI disk, the SCSI disk
                is BIOS disk 2, type <tt class="LITERAL">da</tt>
                and FreeBSD disk number 0, so you would say:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    <tt class="USERINPUT"><b>2:da(0,a)kernel</b></tt>
</pre>

                <p>To tell FreeBSD that you want to boot from BIOS
                disk 2, which is the first SCSI disk in the system.
                If you only had one IDE disk, you would use '1:'
                instead.</p>

                <p>Once you have determined the correct values to
                use, you can put the command exactly as you would
                have typed it in the <tt
                class="FILENAME">/boot.config</tt> file using a
                standard text editor. Unless instructed otherwise,
                FreeBSD will use the contents of this file as the
                default response to the <tt
                class="LITERAL">boot:</tt> prompt.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.2.2." name="Q4.2.2."></a><b>4.2.2.</b>
                I go to boot from the hard disk for the first time
                after installing FreeBSD, but the Boot Manager
                prompt just prints <tt class="LITERAL">F?</tt> at
                the boot menu each time but the boot won't go any
                further.</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>The hard disk geometry was set
                incorrectly in the Partition editor when you
                installed FreeBSD. Go back into the partition
                editor and specify the actual geometry of your hard
                disk. You must reinstall FreeBSD again from the
                beginning with the correct geometry.</p>

                <p>If you are failing entirely in figuring out the
                correct geometry for your machine, here's a tip:
                Install a small DOS partition at the beginning of
                the disk and install FreeBSD after that. The
                install program will see the DOS partition and try
                to infer the correct geometry from it, which
                usually works.</p>

                <p>The following tip is no longer recommended, but
                is left here for reference:</p>
                <a id="AEN730" name="AEN730"></a>

                <blockquote class="BLOCKQUOTE">
                  <p>If you are setting up a truly dedicated
                  FreeBSD server or workstation where you don't
                  care for (future) compatibility with DOS, Linux
                  or another operating system, you've also got the
                  option to use the entire disk (`A' in the
                  partition editor), selecting the non-standard
                  option where FreeBSD occupies the entire disk
                  from the very first to the very last sector. This
                  will leave all geometry considerations aside, but
                  is somewhat limiting unless you're never going to
                  run anything other than FreeBSD on a disk.</p>
                </blockquote>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>

        <div class="SECT2">
          <hr />

          <h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN732" name="AEN732">4.3 Known
          Hardware Problems, Q&amp;A</a></h2>

          <div class="NOTE">
            <blockquote class="NOTE">
              <p><b>Note:</b> Please send hardware tips for this
              section to Jordan K. Hubbard <tt
              class="EMAIL">&#60;<a
              href="mailto:jkh@FreeBSD.org">jkh@FreeBSD.org</a>&#62;</tt>.</p>
            </blockquote>
          </div>

          <div class="QANDASET">
            <dl>
              <dt>4.3.1. <a href="#Q4.3.1.">The <span
              class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
              class="REFENTRYTITLE">mcd</span>(4)</span> driver
              keeps thinking that it has found a device and this
              stops my Intel EtherExpress card from
              working.</a></dt>

              <dt>4.3.2. <a href="#Q4.3.2.">FreeBSD claims to
              support the 3Com PCMCIA card, but my card isn't
              recognized when it's plugged into my laptop.</a></dt>

              <dt>4.3.3. <a href="#Q4.3.3.">FreeBSD finds my PCMCIA
              network card, but no packets appear to be sent even
              though it claims to be working.</a></dt>

              <dt>4.3.4. <a href="#Q4.3.4.">The system finds my
              <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
              class="REFENTRYTITLE">ed</span>(4)</span> network
              card, but I keep getting device timeout
              errors.</a></dt>

              <dt>4.3.5. <a href="#Q4.3.5.">I booted the install
              floppy on my IBM ThinkPad (tm) laptop, and the
              keyboard is all messed up.</a></dt>

              <dt>4.3.6. <a href="#Q4.3.6.">When I try to boot the
              install floppy, I see the following message and
              nothing seems to be happening. I cannot enter
              anything from the keyboard either.</a></dt>

              <dt>4.3.7. <a href="#Q4.3.7.">I have a
              Matsushita/Panasonic CR-522, a Matsushita/Panasonic
              CR-523 or a TEAC CD55a drive, but it is not
              recognized even when the correct I/O port is
              set.</a></dt>

              <dt>4.3.8. <a href="#Q4.3.8.">I'm trying to install
              from a tape drive but all I get is something like
              this on the screen:</a></dt>

              <dt>4.3.9. <a href="#Q4.3.9.">I've installed FreeBSD
              onto my system, but it hangs when booting from the
              hard drive with the message:</a></dt>

              <dt>4.3.10. <a href="#Q4.3.10.">My system can not
              find my Intel EtherExpress 16 card.</a></dt>

              <dt>4.3.11. <a href="#Q4.3.11.">When installing on an
              EISA HP Netserver, my on-board AIC-7xxx SCSI
              controller isn't detected.</a></dt>

              <dt>4.3.12. <a href="#Q4.3.12.">I have a Panasonic
              AL-N1 or Rios Chandler Pentium machine and I find
              that the system hangs before ever getting into the
              installation now.</a></dt>

              <dt>4.3.13. <a href="#Q4.3.13.">I have this CMD640
              IDE controller that is said to be broken.</a></dt>

              <dt>4.3.14. <a href="#Q4.3.14.">On a Compaq Aero
              notebook, I get the message ``No floppy devices
              found! Please check ...'' when trying to install from
              floppy.</a></dt>

              <dt>4.3.15. <a href="#Q4.3.15.">When I go to boot my
              Intel AL440LX (``Atlanta'') -based system from the
              hard disk the first time, it stops with a <tt
              class="LITERAL">Read Error</tt> message.</a></dt>

              <dt>4.3.16. <a href="#Q4.3.16.">When installing on an
              Dell Poweredge XE, Dell proprietary RAID controller
              DSA (Dell SCSI Array) isn't recognized.</a></dt>

              <dt>4.3.17. <a href="#Q4.3.17.">My Ethernet adapter
              is detected as an AMD PCnet-FAST (or similar) but it
              doesn't work. (Eg. onboard Ethernet on IBM Netfinity
              5xxx or 7xxx)</a></dt>

              <dt>4.3.18. <a href="#Q4.3.18.">I have an IBM
              EtherJet PCI card, it is detected by the <span
              class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
              class="REFENTRYTITLE">fxp</span>(4)</span> driver
              correctly, but the lights on the card don't come on
              and it doesn't connect to the network.</a></dt>

              <dt>4.3.19. <a href="#Q4.3.19.">When I configure the
              network during installation on an IBM Netfinity 3500,
              the system freezes.</a></dt>

              <dt>4.3.20. <a href="#Q4.3.20.">When I install onto a
              drive managed by a Mylex PCI RAID controller, the
              system fails to boot (eg. with a <tt
              class="LITERAL">read error</tt> message).</a></dt>
            </dl>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.1." name="Q4.3.1."></a><b>4.3.1.</b>
                The <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
                class="REFENTRYTITLE">mcd</span>(4)</span> driver
                keeps thinking that it has found a device and this
                stops my Intel EtherExpress card from working.</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>Use the UserConfig utility (see <tt
                class="FILENAME">HARDWARE.TXT</tt>) and disable the
                probing of the <tt class="DEVICENAME">mcd0</tt> and
                <tt class="DEVICENAME">mcd1</tt> devices. Generally
                speaking, you should only leave the devices that
                you will be using enabled in your kernel.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.2." name="Q4.3.2."></a><b>4.3.2.</b>
                FreeBSD claims to support the 3Com PCMCIA card, but
                my card isn't recognized when it's plugged into my
                laptop.</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>There are a couple of possible problems.
                First of all, FreeBSD does not support
                multi-function cards, so if you have a combo
                Ethernet/modem card (such as the 3C562), it won't
                work. The default driver for the 3C589 card was
                written just like all of the other drivers in
                FreeBSD, and depend on the card's own configuration
                data stored in NVRAM to work. You must correctly
                configure FreeBSD's driver to match the IRQ, port,
                and IOMEM stored in NVRAM.</p>

                <p>Unfortunately, the only program capable of
                reading them is the 3COM supplied DOS program. This
                program must be run on a absolutely clean system
                (no other drivers must be running), and the program
                will whine about CARD-Services not being found, but
                it will continue. This is necessary to read the
                NVRAM values. You want to know the IRQ, port, and
                IOMEM values (the latter is called the CIS tuple by
                3COM). The first two can be set in the program, the
                third is un-settable, and can only be read. Once
                you have these values, set them in UserConfig and
                your card will be recognized.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.3." name="Q4.3.3."></a><b>4.3.3.</b>
                FreeBSD finds my PCMCIA network card, but no
                packets appear to be sent even though it claims to
                be working.</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>Many PCMCIA cards have the ability to use
                either the 10-Base2 (BNC) or 10-BaseT connectors
                for connecting to the network. The driver is unable
                to ``auto-select'' the correct connector, so you
                must tell it which connector to use. In order to
                switch between the two connectors, the link flags
                must be set. Depending on the model of the card,
                <tt class="OPTION">-link0 link1</tt> or <tt
                class="OPTION">-link0 -link1</tt> will choose the
                correct network connector. You can set these in <a
                href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+4.8-RELEASE">
                <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
                class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a>
                by using the <tt class="LITERAL">Extra options to
                ifconfig:</tt> field in the network setup
                screen.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.4." name="Q4.3.4."></a><b>4.3.4.</b>
                The system finds my <span
                class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
                class="REFENTRYTITLE">ed</span>(4)</span> network
                card, but I keep getting device timeout errors.</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>Your card is probably on a different IRQ
                from what is specified in the kernel configuration.
                The ed driver does not use the `soft' configuration
                by default (values entered using EZSETUP in DOS),
                but it will use the software configuration if you
                specify <tt class="LITERAL">?</tt> in the IRQ field
                of your kernel config file.</p>

                <p>Either move the jumper on the card to a hard
                configuration setting (altering the kernel settings
                if necessary), or specify the IRQ as <tt
                class="LITERAL">-1</tt> in UserConfig or <tt
                class="LITERAL">?</tt> in your kernel config file.
                This will tell the kernel to use the soft
                configuration.</p>

                <p>Another possibility is that your card is at IRQ
                9, which is shared by IRQ 2 and frequently a cause
                of problems (especially when you have a VGA card
                using IRQ 2!). You should not use IRQ 2 or 9 if at
                all possible.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.5." name="Q4.3.5."></a><b>4.3.5.</b>
                I booted the install floppy on my IBM ThinkPad (tm)
                laptop, and the keyboard is all messed up.</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>Older IBM laptops use a non-standard
                keyboard controller, so you must tell the keyboard
                driver (atkbd0) to go into a special mode which
                works on the ThinkPads. Change the atkbd0 'Flags'
                to 0x4 in UserConfig and it should work fine. (Look
                in the Input Menu for 'Keyboard'.)</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.6." name="Q4.3.6."></a><b>4.3.6.</b>
                When I try to boot the install floppy, I see the
                following message and nothing seems to be
                happening. I cannot enter anything from the
                keyboard either.</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    Keyboard: no
</pre>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>Due to lack of space, full support for
                old XT/AT (84-key) keyboards is no longer available
                in the bootblocks. Some notebook computers may also
                have this type of keyboard. If you are still using
                this kind of hardware, you will see the above
                message appears when you boot from the CD-ROM or an
                install floppy.</p>

                <p>As soon as you see this message, hit the space
                bar, and you will see the prompt:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    &#62;&#62; FreeBSD/i386 BOOT
    Default: x:xx(x,x)/boot/loader 
    boot:
</pre>

                <p>Then enter <tt
                class="USERINPUT"><b>-Dh</b></tt>, and things
                should proceed normally.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.7." name="Q4.3.7."></a><b>4.3.7.</b>
                I have a Matsushita/Panasonic CR-522, a
                Matsushita/Panasonic CR-523 or a TEAC CD55a drive,
                but it is not recognized even when the correct I/O
                port is set.</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>These CD-ROM drives are currently not
                supported by FreeBSD. The command sets for these
                drives are not compatible with the double-speed
                CR-562 and CR-563 drives.</p>

                <p>The single-speed CR-522 and CR-523 drives can be
                identified by their use of a CD-caddy.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.8." name="Q4.3.8."></a><b>4.3.8.</b>
                I'm trying to install from a tape drive but all I
                get is something like this on the screen:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    sa0(aha0:1:0) NOT READY csi 40,0,0,0
</pre>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>There's a limitation in the current <a
                href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+4.8-RELEASE">
                <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
                class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a>
                that the tape <span class="emphasis"><i
                class="EMPHASIS">must</i></span> be in the drive
                while <a
                href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysinstall&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+4.8-RELEASE">
                <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
                class="REFENTRYTITLE">sysinstall</span>(8)</span></a>
                is started or it won't be detected. Try again with
                the tape in the drive the whole time.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.9." name="Q4.3.9."></a><b>4.3.9.</b>
                I've installed FreeBSD onto my system, but it hangs
                when booting from the hard drive with the
                message:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    Changing root to /dev/da0a
</pre>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>his problem may occur in a system with a
                3com 3c509 Ethernet adapter. The <a
                href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=ep&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+4.8-RELEASE">
                <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
                class="REFENTRYTITLE">ep</span>(4)</span></a>
                device driver appears to be sensitive to probes for
                other devices that also use address 0x300. Boot
                your FreeBSD system by power cycling the machine
                (turn off and on). At the <tt
                class="LITERAL">Boot:</tt> prompt specify the <tt
                class="OPTION">-c</tt>. This will invoke UserConfig
                (see <a href="#REPAIRING">Section 4.1</a> above).
                Use the <tt class="LITERAL">disable</tt> command to
                disable the device probes for all devices at
                address 0x300 except the ep0 driver. On exit, your
                machine should successfully boot FreeBSD.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.10."
                name="Q4.3.10."></a><b>4.3.10.</b> My system can
                not find my Intel EtherExpress 16 card.</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>You must set your Intel EtherExpress 16
                card to be memory mapped at address 0xD0000, and
                set the amount of mapped memory to 32K using the
                Intel supplied <tt
                class="FILENAME">softset.exe</tt> program.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.11."
                name="Q4.3.11."></a><b>4.3.11.</b> When installing
                on an EISA HP Netserver, my on-board AIC-7xxx SCSI
                controller isn't detected.</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>This is a known problem, and will
                hopefully be fixed in the future. In order to get
                your system installed at all, boot with the <tt
                class="OPTION">-c</tt> option into UserConfig, but
                <span class="emphasis"><i
                class="EMPHASIS">don't</i></span> use the pretty
                visual mode but the plain old CLI mode. Type:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    <tt class="USERINPUT"><b>eisa 12</b></tt>
    <tt class="USERINPUT"><b>quit</b></tt>
</pre>

                <p>at the prompt. (Instead of `quit', you might
                also type `visual', and continue the rest of the
                configuration session in visual mode.) While it's
                recommended to compile a custom kernel, dset now
                also understands to save this value.</p>

                <p>Refer to the FAQ topic 3.16 for an explanation
                of the problem, and for how to continue. Remember
                that you can find the FAQ on your local system in
                /usr/share/doc/FAQ, provided you have installed the
                `doc' distribution.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.12."
                name="Q4.3.12."></a><b>4.3.12.</b> I have a
                Panasonic AL-N1 or Rios Chandler Pentium machine
                and I find that the system hangs before ever
                getting into the installation now.</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>Your machine doesn't like the new <tt
                class="LITERAL">i586_copyout</tt> and <tt
                class="LITERAL">i586_copyin</tt> code for some
                reason. To disable this, boot the installation boot
                floppy and when it comes to the very first menu
                (the choice to drop into kernel UserConfig mode or
                not) choose the command-line interface (``expert
                mode'') version and type the following at it:</p>
<pre class="SCREEN">
    <tt class="USERINPUT"><b>flags npx0 1</b></tt>
</pre>

                <p>Then proceed normally to boot. This will be
                saved into your kernel, so you only need to do it
                once.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.13."
                name="Q4.3.13."></a><b>4.3.13.</b> I have this
                CMD640 IDE controller that is said to be
                broken.</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>Yes, it is. FreeBSD does not support this
                controller except through the legacy wdc
                driver.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.14."
                name="Q4.3.14."></a><b>4.3.14.</b> On a Compaq Aero
                notebook, I get the message ``No floppy devices
                found! Please check ...'' when trying to install
                from floppy.</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>With Compaq being always a little
                different from other systems, they do not announce
                their floppy drive in the CMOS RAM of an Aero
                notebook. Therefore, the floppy disk driver assumes
                there is no drive configured. Go to the UserConfig
                screen, and set the Flags value of the fdc0 device
                to 0x1. This pretends the existence of the first
                floppy drive (as a 1.44 MB drive) to the driver
                without asking the CMOS at all.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.15."
                name="Q4.3.15."></a><b>4.3.15.</b> When I go to
                boot my Intel AL440LX (``Atlanta'') -based system
                from the hard disk the first time, it stops with a
                <tt class="LITERAL">Read Error</tt> message.</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>There appears to be a bug in the BIOS on
                at least some of these boards, this bug results in
                the FreeBSD bootloader thinking that it is booting
                from a floppy disk. This is only a problem if you
                are not using the BootEasy boot manager. Slice the
                disk in ``compatible''mode and install BootEasy
                during the FreeBSD installation to avoid the bug,
                or upgrade the BIOS (see Intel's website for
                details).</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.16."
                name="Q4.3.16."></a><b>4.3.16.</b> When installing
                on an Dell Poweredge XE, Dell proprietary RAID
                controller DSA (Dell SCSI Array) isn't
                recognized.</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>Configure the DSA to use AHA-1540
                emulation using EISA configuration utility. After
                that FreeBSD detects the DSA as an Adaptec AHA-1540
                SCSI controller, with irq 11 and port 340. Under
                emulation mode system will use DSA RAID disks, but
                you cannot use DSA-specific features such as
                watching RAID health.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.17."
                name="Q4.3.17."></a><b>4.3.17.</b> My Ethernet
                adapter is detected as an AMD PCnet-FAST (or
                similar) but it doesn't work. (Eg. onboard Ethernet
                on IBM Netfinity 5xxx or 7xxx)</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>The <a
                href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=lnc&sektion=4&manpath=FreeBSD+4.8-RELEASE">
                <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
                class="REFENTRYTITLE">lnc</span>(4)</span></a>
                driver is currently faulty, and will often not work
                correctly with the PCnet-FAST and PCnet-FAST+. You
                need to install a different Ethernet adapter.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.18."
                name="Q4.3.18."></a><b>4.3.18.</b> I have an IBM
                EtherJet PCI card, it is detected by the <span
                class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
                class="REFENTRYTITLE">fxp</span>(4)</span> driver
                correctly, but the lights on the card don't come on
                and it doesn't connect to the network.</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>We don't understand why this happens.
                Neither do IBM (we asked them). The card is a
                standard Intel EtherExpress Pro/100 with an IBM
                label on it, and these cards normally work just
                fine. You may see these symptoms only in some IBM
                Netfinity servers. The only solution is to install
                a different Ethernet adapter.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.19."
                name="Q4.3.19."></a><b>4.3.19.</b> When I configure
                the network during installation on an IBM Netfinity
                3500, the system freezes.</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>There is a problem with the onboard
                Ethernet in the Netfinity 3500 which we have not
                been able to identify at this time. It may be
                related to the SMP features of the system being
                misconfigured. You will have to install another
                Ethernet adapter and avoid attempting to configure
                the onboard adapter at any time.</p>
              </div>
            </div>

            <div class="QANDAENTRY">
              <div class="QUESTION">
                <p><a id="Q4.3.20."
                name="Q4.3.20."></a><b>4.3.20.</b> When I install
                onto a drive managed by a Mylex PCI RAID
                controller, the system fails to boot (eg. with a
                <tt class="LITERAL">read error</tt> message).</p>
              </div>

              <div class="ANSWER">
                <p><b></b>There is a bug in the Mylex driver which
                results in it ignoring the ``8GB'' geometry mode
                setting in the BIOS. Use the 2GB mode instead.</p>
              </div>
            </div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
    <hr />

    <p align="center"><small>This file, and other release-related
    documents, can be downloaded from <a
    href="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/">ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/</a>.</small></p>

    <p align="center"><small>For questions about FreeBSD, read the
    <a href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/docs.html">documentation</a>
    before contacting &#60;<a
    href="mailto:questions@FreeBSD.org">questions@FreeBSD.org</a>&#62;.</small></p>

    <p align="center"><small><small>All users of FreeBSD 4-STABLE
    should subscribe to the &#60;<a
    href="mailto:stable@FreeBSD.org">stable@FreeBSD.org</a>&#62;
    mailing list.</small></small></p>

    <p align="center">For questions about this documentation,
    e-mail &#60;<a
    href="mailto:doc@FreeBSD.org">doc@FreeBSD.org</a>&#62;.</p>
    <br />
    <br />
++++


