# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE # Copyright (C) YEAR The FreeBSD Project # This file is distributed under the same license as the FreeBSD Documentation package. # Fernando Apesteguía , 2021, 2022, 2023. msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: FreeBSD Documentation VERSION\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2023-07-15 16:41-0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2023-07-18 11:32+0000\n" "Last-Translator: Fernando Apesteguía \n" "Language-Team: Spanish \n" "Language: es\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;\n" "X-Generator: Weblate 4.17\n" #. type: YAML Front Matter: description #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1 #, no-wrap msgid "Advanced networking in FreeBSD: basics of gateways and routes, CARP, how to configure multiple VLANs on FreeBSD, etc" msgstr "Redes Avanzadas en FreeBSD: conceptos básicos de gateways y rutas, CARP, cómo configurar múltiples VLANs en FreeBSD, etc" #. type: YAML Front Matter: part #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1 #, no-wrap msgid "IV. Network Communication" msgstr "IV. Comunicación de Red" #. type: YAML Front Matter: title #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1 #, no-wrap msgid "Chapter 34. Advanced Networking" msgstr "Capítulo 34. Redes Avanzadas" #. type: Title = #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:14 #, no-wrap msgid "Advanced Networking" msgstr "Redes Avanzadas" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:52 #, no-wrap msgid "Synopsis" msgstr "Sinopsis" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:55 msgid "This chapter covers a number of advanced networking topics." msgstr "Este capítulo cubre cierto número de temas avanzados de redes." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:57 msgid "After reading this chapter, you will know:" msgstr "Después de leer este capítulo, sabrás:" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:59 msgid "The basics of gateways and routes." msgstr "Lo básico acerca de gateways y rutas." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:60 msgid "How to set up USB tethering." msgstr "Cómo configurar tethering por USB." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:61 msgid "How to set up IEEE(R) 802.11 and Bluetooth(R) devices." msgstr "Cómo configurar dispositivos IEEE(R) 802.11 y Bluetooth(R)." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:62 msgid "How to make FreeBSD act as a bridge." msgstr "Cómo hacer que FreeBSD actúe como un puente." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:63 msgid "How to set up network PXE booting." msgstr "Cómo configurar arranque por red PXE." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:64 msgid "" "How to enable and utilize the features of the Common Address Redundancy " "Protocol (CARP) in FreeBSD." msgstr "" "Cómo habilitar y utilizar las características del Common Address Redundancy " "Protocol (CARP) en FreeBSD." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:65 msgid "How to configure multiple VLANs on FreeBSD." msgstr "Cómo configurar múltiples VLANs en FreeBSD." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:66 msgid "Configure bluetooth headset." msgstr "Configurar unos auriculares con micrófono vía bluetooth." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:68 msgid "Before reading this chapter, you should:" msgstr "Antes de leer este capítulo, deberías:" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:70 msgid "Understand the basics of the [.filename]#/etc/rc# scripts." msgstr "Comprender lo básico acerca de los scripts [.filename]#/etc/rc#." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:71 msgid "Be familiar with basic network terminology." msgstr "Estar familiarizado con la terminología básica de red." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:72 msgid "" "Understand basic network configuration on FreeBSD (crossref:network[network," "FreeBSD network])." msgstr "" "Entendiendo la configuración básica de red en FreeBSD (crossref:network[" "network,FreeBSD network])." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:73 msgid "" "Know how to configure and install a new FreeBSD kernel (crossref:" "kernelconfig[kernelconfig,Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel])." msgstr "" "Saber cómo configurar e instalar un nuevo kernel de FreeBSD (crossref:" "kernelconfig[kernelconfig,Configurando el Núcleo de FreeBSD])." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:74 msgid "" "Know how to install additional third-party software (crossref:ports[ports," "Installing Applications: Packages and Ports])." msgstr "" "Cómo instalar software adicional de terceros (crossref:ports[ports," "Instalando Aplicaciones: Paquetes y Ports])." #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:76 #, no-wrap msgid "Gateways and Routes" msgstr "Gateways y Rutas" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:85 msgid "" "_Routing_ is the mechanism that allows a system to find the network path to " "another system. A _route_ is a defined pair of addresses which represent " "the \"destination\" and a \"gateway\". The route indicates that when trying " "to get to the specified destination, send the packets through the specified " "gateway. There are three types of destinations: individual hosts, subnets, " "and \"default\". The \"default route\" is used if no other routes apply. " "There are also three types of gateways: individual hosts, interfaces, also " "called links, and Ethernet hardware (MAC) addresses. Known routes are " "stored in a routing table." msgstr "" "_Routing_ es el mecanismo que permite a un sistema encontrar el camino de " "red a otro sistema. Una _ruta_ es un par de direcciones definido las cuales " "representan el \"destino\" y el \"gateway\". La ruta indica que cuando se " "trata de llegar a un destino especificado, se deben enviar los paquetes a " "través del gateway especificado. Hay tres tipos de destinos: hosts " "individuales, subredes, y \"default\". La \"ruta por defecto\" se utiliza si " "no se puede aplicar ninguna otra ruta. También hay tres tipos de gateways: " "hosts individuales, interfaces, también llamados enlaces, y direcciones " "Ethernet (MAC). Las rutas conocidas se almacenan en una tabla de " "enrutamiento." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:88 msgid "" "This section provides an overview of routing basics. It then demonstrates " "how to configure a FreeBSD system as a router and offers some " "troubleshooting tips." msgstr "" "Esta sección proporciona una visión general de aspectos básicos de enrutado. " "Luego muestra cómo configurar un sistema FreeBSD como un router y " "proporciona algunas pistas para resolver problemas." #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:90 #, no-wrap msgid "Routing Basics" msgstr "Enrutamiento Básico" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:93 msgid "To view the routing table of a FreeBSD system, use man:netstat[1]:" msgstr "" "Para ver la tabla de enrutamiento de un sistema FreeBSD, usa man:netstat[1]:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:98 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% netstat -r\n" "Routing tables\n" msgstr "" "% netstat -r\n" "Routing tables\n" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:110 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Internet:\n" "Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire\n" "default outside-gw UGS 37 418 em0\n" "localhost localhost UH 0 181 lo0\n" "test0 0:e0:b5:36:cf:4f UHLW 5 63288 re0 77\n" "10.20.30.255 link#1 UHLW 1 2421\n" "example.com link#1 UC 0 0\n" "host1 0:e0:a8:37:8:1e UHLW 3 4601 lo0\n" "host2 0:e0:a8:37:8:1e UHLW 0 5 lo0 =>\n" "host2.example.com link#1 UC 0 0\n" "224 link#1 UC 0 0\n" msgstr "" "Internet:\n" "Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire\n" "default outside-gw UGS 37 418 em0\n" "localhost localhost UH 0 181 lo0\n" "test0 0:e0:b5:36:cf:4f UHLW 5 63288 re0 77\n" "10.20.30.255 link#1 UHLW 1 2421\n" "example.com link#1 UC 0 0\n" "host1 0:e0:a8:37:8:1e UHLW 3 4601 lo0\n" "host2 0:e0:a8:37:8:1e UHLW 0 5 lo0 =>\n" "host2.example.com link#1 UC 0 0\n" "224 link#1 UC 0 0\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:113 msgid "The entries in this example are as follows:" msgstr "Las entradas en este ejemplo son como sigue:" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:114 #, no-wrap msgid "default" msgstr "Defecto" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:118 msgid "" "The first route in this table specifies the `default` route. When the local " "system needs to make a connection to a remote host, it checks the routing " "table to determine if a known path exists. If the remote host matches an " "entry in the table, the system checks to see if it can connect using the " "interface specified in that entry." msgstr "" "La primera ruta en esta tabla especifica la ruta por defecto (`default`). " "Cuando el sistema local necesita conectarse a un host remoto, comprueba la " "tabla de enrutamiento para determinar si existe un camino. Si el host remoto " "tiene una entrada en la tabla, el sistema comprueba si puede conectar " "utilizando el interfaz especificado en dicha entrada." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:122 msgid "" "If the destination does not match an entry, or if all known paths fail, the " "system uses the entry for the default route. For hosts on a local area " "network, the `Gateway` field in the default route is set to the system which " "has a direct connection to the Internet. When reading this entry, verify " "that the `Flags` column indicates that the gateway is usable (`UG`)." msgstr "" "Si el destino no tiene una entrada, o si todos los caminos conocidos fallan, " "el sistema utiliza la entrada para el enrutamiento por defecto. Para hosts " "en la red de área local, el campo `Gateway` en la ruta por defecto se " "establece al sistema que tiene una conexión directa a Internet. Cuando se " "lee esta entrada, verifica que la columna `Flags` indica que el gateway se " "puede usar (`UG`)." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:124 msgid "" "The default route for a machine which itself is functioning as the gateway " "to the outside world will be the gateway machine at the Internet Service " "Provider (ISP)." msgstr "" "La ruta por defecto para una máquina que está funcionando como gateway para " "el mundo exterior será la máquina gateway del Proveedor de Servicio de " "Internet (ISP)." #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:125 #, no-wrap msgid "localhost" msgstr "localhost" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:129 msgid "" "The second route is the `localhost` route. The interface specified in the " "`Netif` column for `localhost` is [.filename]#lo0#, also known as the " "loopback device. This indicates that all traffic for this destination " "should be internal, rather than sending it out over the network." msgstr "" "La segunda ruta es `localhost`. El interfaz especificado en la columna " "`Netif` para `localhost` es [.filename]#lo0#, también conocido como el " "dispositivo loopback. Esto indica que todo el tráfico para este destino " "debería ser interno, en lugar de enviarlo a través de la red." #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:130 #, no-wrap msgid "MAC address" msgstr "Dirección MAC" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:136 msgid "" "The addresses beginning with `0:e0:` are MAC addresses. FreeBSD will " "automatically identify any hosts, `test0` in the example, on the local " "Ethernet and add a route for that host over the Ethernet interface, [." "filename]#re0#. This type of route has a timeout, seen in the `Expire` " "column, which is used if the host does not respond in a specific amount of " "time. When this happens, the route to this host will be automatically " "deleted. These hosts are identified using the Routing Information Protocol " "(RIP), which calculates routes to local hosts based upon a shortest path " "determination." msgstr "" "Las direcciones que comienzan con `0:e0` son direcciones MAC. FreeBSD " "identificará automáticamente cualquier host, `test0` en el ejemplo, en el " "Ethernet local y añadirá una ruta para ese host sobre el interfaz Ethernet, " "[.filename]#re0#. Este tipo de ruta tiene un timeout, mostrado en la columna " "`Expire`, que es usado si el host no responde en un tiempo determinado. " "Cuando esto sucede, la ruta a este host será automáticamente borrada. Estos " "hosts se identifican usando el Routing Information Protocol (RIP), que " "calcula rutas a los hosts locales basándose en la determinación del camino " "más corto." #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:137 #, no-wrap msgid "subnet" msgstr "subred" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:141 msgid "" "FreeBSD will automatically add subnet routes for the local subnet. In this " "example, `10.20.30.255` is the broadcast address for the subnet `10.20.30` " "and `example.com` is the domain name associated with that subnet. The " "designation `link#1` refers to the first Ethernet card in the machine." msgstr "" "FreeBSD añadirá rutas para la subred local. En este ejemplo, `10.20.30.255` " "es la dirección de broadcast para la subred `10.20.30` y `example.com` es el " "nombre de dominio asociado con esa subred. La designación `link#1` hace " "referencia a la primera tarjeta Ethernet de la máquina." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:144 msgid "" "Local network hosts and local subnets have their routes automatically " "configured by a daemon called man:routed[8]. If it is not running, only " "routes which are statically defined by the administrator will exist." msgstr "" "Hosts en la red local y subredes locales tienen sus rutas configuradas " "automáticamente por un demonio llamado man:routed[8]. Si no se está " "ejecutando, sólo existirán las rutas que hayan sido configuradas " "estáticamente por el administrador." #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:145 #, no-wrap msgid "host" msgstr "host" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:148 msgid "" "The `host1` line refers to the host by its Ethernet address. Since it is " "the sending host, FreeBSD knows to use the loopback interface ([." "filename]#lo0#) rather than the Ethernet interface." msgstr "" "La línea `host1` hace referencia al host mediante su dirección Ethernet. " "Puesto que es el host que envía, FreeBSD sabe que tienen que usar el " "interfaz loopback ([.filename]#lo0#) en lugar del interfaz Ethernet." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:152 msgid "" "The two `host2` lines represent aliases which were created using man:" "ifconfig[8]. The `=>` symbol after the [.filename]#lo0# interface says that " "an alias has been set in addition to the loopback address. Such routes only " "show up on the host that supports the alias and all other hosts on the local " "network will have a `link#1` line for such routes." msgstr "" "Las dos líneas `host2` representan alias que se crean utilizando man:" "ifconfig[8]. El símbolo `=>` después del interfaz [.filename]#lo0# indica " "que se ha establecido un alias además de la dirección de loopback. Estas " "rutas sólo se muestran en el host que suporta el alias y el resto de hosts " "en la red local tendrán una línea `link#1` para esas rutas." #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:153 #, no-wrap msgid "224" msgstr "224" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:155 msgid "The final line (destination subnet `224`) deals with multicasting." msgstr "" "La última línea (subred de destino `224`) tiene que ver con multicasting." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:158 msgid "" "Various attributes of each route can be seen in the `Flags` column. " "<> summarizes some of these flags and their meanings:" msgstr "" "Se pueden ver varios atributos para cada ruta en la columna `Flags`. " "<> resume algunos de estos flags y sus significados:" #. type: Block title #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:160 #, no-wrap msgid "Commonly Seen Routing Table Flags" msgstr "Flags Habituales de la Tabla de Enrutado" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:164 #, no-wrap msgid "Flag" msgstr "Flag" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:166 #, no-wrap msgid "Purpose" msgstr "Propósito" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:167 #, no-wrap msgid "U" msgstr "U" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:169 #, no-wrap msgid "The route is active (up)." msgstr "La ruta está activa (up)." #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:170 #, no-wrap msgid "H" msgstr "H" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:172 #, no-wrap msgid "The route destination is a single host." msgstr "La ruta de destino es un único host." #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:173 #, no-wrap msgid "G" msgstr "G" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:175 #, no-wrap msgid "Send anything for this destination on to this gateway, which will figure out from there where to send it." msgstr "Envía cualquier cosa a este destino a través de este gateway, que averiguará a dónde enviarlo a continuación." #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:176 #, no-wrap msgid "S" msgstr "S" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:178 #, no-wrap msgid "This route was statically configured." msgstr "Esta ruta se ha configurado de forma estática." #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:179 #, no-wrap msgid "C" msgstr "C" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:181 #, no-wrap msgid "Clones a new route based upon this route for machines to connect to. This type of route is normally used for local networks." msgstr "Clona una nueva ruta basada en esta ruta para que las máquinas puedan conectarse. Este tipo de ruta se usa normalmente para redes locales." #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:182 #, no-wrap msgid "W" msgstr "W" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:184 #, no-wrap msgid "The route was auto-configured based upon a local area network (clone) route." msgstr "La ruta ha sido auto configurada basada en una ruta (clonada) de una red de área local." #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:185 #, no-wrap msgid "L" msgstr "L" #. type: Table #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:186 #, no-wrap msgid "Route involves references to Ethernet (link) hardware." msgstr "La ruta incluye referencias a hardware Ethernet (link)." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:189 msgid "" "On a FreeBSD system, the default route can defined in [.filename]#/etc/rc." "conf# by specifying the IP address of the default gateway:" msgstr "" "En un sistema FreeBSD, la ruta por defecto se puede configurar en [." "filename]#/etc/rc.conf# especificando la dirección IP del gateway por " "defecto:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:193 #, no-wrap msgid "defaultrouter=\"10.20.30.1\"\n" msgstr "defaultrouter=\"10.20.30.1\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:196 msgid "It is also possible to manually add the route using `route`:" msgstr "También es posible añadir la ruta de forma manual usando `route`:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:200 #, no-wrap msgid "# route add default 10.20.30.1\n" msgstr "# route add default 10.20.30.1\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:204 msgid "" "Note that manually added routes will not survive a reboot. For more " "information on manual manipulation of network routing tables, refer to man:" "route[8]." msgstr "" "Date cuenta de que las rutas añadidas manualmente no persisten entre " "reinicios. Para más información sobre la manipulación manual de tablas de " "enrutamiento de red, consulta man:route[8]." #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:206 #, no-wrap msgid "Configuring a Router with Static Routes" msgstr "Configurando un Router con Rutas Estáticas" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:211 msgid "" "A FreeBSD system can be configured as the default gateway, or router, for a " "network if it is a dual-homed system. A dual-homed system is a host which " "resides on at least two different networks. Typically, each network is " "connected to a separate network interface, though IP aliasing can be used to " "bind multiple addresses, each on a different subnet, to one physical " "interface." msgstr "" "Un sistema FreeBSD se puede configurar como el gateway por defecto, o " "router, para una red si es un sistema \"dual-homed\". Un sistema \"dual-homed" "\" es una máquina que está en al menos dos redes diferentes. Típicamente " "cada red se conecta a un interfaz de red separada, aunque se puede usar IP " "aliasing para enlazar múltiples direcciones, cada una en una subred " "diferente, a una única interfaz física." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:214 msgid "" "In order for the system to forward packets between interfaces, FreeBSD must " "be configured as a router. Internet standards and good engineering practice " "prevent the FreeBSD Project from enabling this feature by default, but it " "can be configured to start at boot by adding this line to [.filename]#/etc/" "rc.conf#:" msgstr "" "Para que el sistema pueda reenviar paquetes entre interfaces, FreeBSD debe " "ser configurado como un router. Los estándares de Internet y las buenas " "prácticas de ingeniería evitan que el Proyecto FreeBSD active esta " "característica por defecto, pero se puede configurar en el arranque " "añadiendo esta línea a [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:218 #, no-wrap msgid "gateway_enable=\"YES\" # Set to YES if this host will be a gateway\n" msgstr "gateway_enable=\"YES\" # Set to YES if this host will be a gateway\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:222 msgid "" "To enable routing now, set the man:sysctl[8] variable `net.inet.ip." "forwarding` to `1`. To stop routing, reset this variable to `0`." msgstr "" "Para habilitar el enrutado, establece la variable man:sysctl[8] `net.inet.ip." "forwarding` a `1`. Para parar el enrutado, restablece esta variable a `0`." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:226 msgid "" "The routing table of a router needs additional routes so it knows how to " "reach other networks. Routes can be either added manually using static " "routes or routes can be automatically learned using a routing protocol. " "Static routes are appropriate for small networks and this section describes " "how to add a static routing entry for a small network." msgstr "" "La tabla de enrutamiento de un router necesita rutas adicionales para saber " "cómo llegar a otras redes. Las rutas se puede añadir manualmente utilizando " "rutas estáticas o se pueden aprender automáticamente usando un protocolo de " "enrutamiento. Las rutas estáticas son apropiadas para redes pequeñas y esta " "sección describe cómo añadir una ruta estática para una red pequeña." #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:232 msgid "" "For large networks, static routes quickly become unscalable. FreeBSD comes " "with the standard BSD routing daemon man:routed[8], which provides the " "routing protocols RIP, versions 1 and 2, and IRDP. Support for the BGP and " "OSPF routing protocols can be installed using the package:net/quagga[] " "package or port." msgstr "" "Para redes grandes, las rutas estáticas pronto se vuelven impracticables. " "FreeBSD incluye el demonio de enrutamiento BSD estándar man:routed[8], que " "proporciona los protocolos de enrutamiento RIP, versiones 1 y 2, y IRDP. Se " "puede instalar soporte para los protocolos de enrutado BGP y OSPFS usando el " "paquete o port package:net/quagga[]." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:235 msgid "Consider the following network:" msgstr "Considera la siguiente red:" #. type: Target for macro image #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:236 #, no-wrap msgid "static-routes.png" msgstr "static-routes.png" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:241 msgid "" "In this scenario, `RouterA` is a FreeBSD machine that is acting as a router " "to the rest of the Internet. It has a default route set to `10.0.0.1` which " "allows it to connect with the outside world. `RouterB` is already " "configured to use `192.168.1.1` as its default gateway." msgstr "" "En este escenario, `RouterA` es una máquina FreeBSD que está actuando como " "un router para el resto de Internet. Tiene una ruta por defecto establecida " "a `10.0.0.1` que le permite conectarse con el mundo exterior. `RouterB` ya " "está configurado para utilizar `192.168.1.1` como su gateway por defecto." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:243 msgid "" "Before adding any static routes, the routing table on `RouterA` looks like " "this:" msgstr "" "Antes de añadir ninguna ruta estática, la tabla de enrutamiento de `RouterA` " "tiene este aspecto:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:248 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% netstat -nr\n" "Routing tables\n" msgstr "" "% netstat -nr\n" "Routing tables\n" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:255 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Internet:\n" "Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire\n" "default 10.0.0.1 UGS 0 49378 xl0\n" "127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 0 6 lo0\n" "10.0.0.0/24 link#1 UC 0 0 xl0\n" "192.168.1.0/24 link#2 UC 0 0 xl1\n" msgstr "" "Internet:\n" "Destination Gateway Flags Refs Use Netif Expire\n" "default 10.0.0.1 UGS 0 49378 xl0\n" "127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 UH 0 6 lo0\n" "10.0.0.0/24 link#1 UC 0 0 xl0\n" "192.168.1.0/24 link#2 UC 0 0 xl1\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:259 msgid "" "With the current routing table, `RouterA` does not have a route to the " "`192.168.2.0/24` network. The following command adds the `Internal Net 2` " "network to ``RouterA``'s routing table using `192.168.1.2` as the next hop:" msgstr "" "Con la tabla de enrutamiento actual, `RouterA` no tiene una ruta a la red " "`192.168.2.0/24`. El siguiente comando añade la red `Internal Net 2` a la " "tabla de enrutamiento de `RouterA` usando `192.168.1.2` para el siguiente " "salto:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:263 #, no-wrap msgid "# route add -net 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.1.2\n" msgstr "# route add -net 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.1.2\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:268 msgid "" "Now, `RouterA` can reach any host on the `192.168.2.0/24` network. However, " "the routing information will not persist if the FreeBSD system reboots. If " "a static route needs to be persistent, add it to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "" "Ahora, `RouterA` puede alcanzar cualquier host en la red `192.168.2.0/24`. " "Sin embargo, la información de enrutamiento no persistirá si el sistema " "FreeBSD se reinicia. Si una ruta estática necesita ser persistente, añádela " "a [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:274 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Add Internal Net 2 as a persistent static route\n" "static_routes=\"internalnet2\"\n" "route_internalnet2=\"-net 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.1.2\"\n" msgstr "" "# Add Internal Net 2 as a persistent static route\n" "static_routes=\"internalnet2\"\n" "route_internalnet2=\"-net 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.1.2\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:278 msgid "" "The `static_routes` configuration variable is a list of strings separated by " "a space, where each string references a route name. The variable " "`route_internalnet2` contains the static route for that route name." msgstr "" "La variable de configuración `static_routes` es una lista de cadenas " "separadas por un espacio, donde cada cadena referencia el nombre de una " "ruta. La variable `route_internalnet2` contiene la ruta estática para el " "nombre de esa ruta." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:281 msgid "" "Using more than one string in `static_routes` creates multiple static " "routes. The following shows an example of adding static routes for the " "`192.168.0.0/24` and `192.168.1.0/24` networks:" msgstr "" "Usar más de una cadena en `static_routes` crea múltiples rutas estáticas. Lo " "siguiente muestra un ejemplo de cómo añadir rutas estáticas para las redes " "`192.168.0.0/24` y `192.168.1.0/24`:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:287 #, no-wrap msgid "" "static_routes=\"net1 net2\"\n" "route_net1=\"-net 192.168.0.0/24 192.168.0.1\"\n" "route_net2=\"-net 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.1.1\"\n" msgstr "" "static_routes=\"net1 net2\"\n" "route_net1=\"-net 192.168.0.0/24 192.168.0.1\"\n" "route_net2=\"-net 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.1.1\"\n" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:290 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1321 #, no-wrap msgid "Troubleshooting" msgstr "Resolución de problemas" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:294 msgid "" "When an address space is assigned to a network, the service provider " "configures their routing tables so that all traffic for the network will be " "sent to the link for the site. But how do external sites know to send their " "packets to the network's ISP?" msgstr "" "Cuando se asigna un espacio de direcciones a una red, el proveedor de " "servicio configura sus propias tablas de enrutamiento de forma que todo el " "tráfico para la red se enviará a través del enlace para el sitio. Pero ¿cómo " "saben los sitios externos que tienen que enviar sus paquetes al ISP de la " "red?" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:297 msgid "" "There is a system that keeps track of all assigned address spaces and " "defines their point of connection to the Internet backbone, or the main " "trunk lines that carry Internet traffic across the country and around the " "world. Each backbone machine has a copy of a master set of tables, which " "direct traffic for a particular network to a specific backbone carrier, and " "from there down the chain of service providers until it reaches a particular " "network." msgstr "" "Hay un sistema que lleva el control de todos los espacios de direcciones " "asignados y define sus puntos de conexión a la red principal de Internet, o " "las líneas troncales que llevan el tráfico por todo el país y alrededor del " "mundo. Cada máquina troncal tiene una copia de un conjunto maestro de " "tablas, las cuales dirigen el tráfico para una red particular hacia un " "portador troncal específico, y de ahí bajando por la cadena de proveedores " "de servicio hasta que alcanza una red particular." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:300 msgid "" "It is the task of the service provider to advertise to the backbone sites " "that they are the point of connection, and thus the path inward, for a " "site. This is known as route propagation." msgstr "" "Es tarea del proveedor de servicio avisar a los sitios troncales de que son " "el punto de conexión, y por tanto el camino de entrada, para un sitio. Esto " "se conoce como propagación de ruta." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:304 msgid "" "Sometimes, there is a problem with route propagation and some sites are " "unable to connect. Perhaps the most useful command for trying to figure out " "where routing is breaking down is `traceroute`. It is useful when `ping` " "fails." msgstr "" "A veces, hay algún problema con la propagación de ruta y algunos sitios son " "incapaces de conectar. Quizás el comando más útil para intentar averiguar " "dónde se rompe la ruta es `traceroute`. Es útil cuando `ping` falla." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:308 msgid "" "When using `traceroute`, include the address of the remote host to connect " "to. The output will show the gateway hosts along the path of the attempt, " "eventually either reaching the target host, or terminating because of a lack " "of connection. For more information, refer to man:traceroute[8]." msgstr "" "Cuando uses `traceroute`, incluye la dirección del host remoto al que " "conectar. La salida mostrará el gateway junto con el camino que sigue el " "intento, eventualmente alcanzando el destino, o terminando debido a la falta " "de conexión. Para más información, consulta man:traceroute[8]." #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:310 #, no-wrap msgid "Multicast Considerations" msgstr "Consideraciones para Multicast" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:315 msgid "" "FreeBSD natively supports both multicast applications and multicast " "routing. Multicast applications do not require any special configuration in " "order to run on FreeBSD. Support for multicast routing requires that the " "following option be compiled into a custom kernel:" msgstr "" "FreeBSD soporta de forma nativa tanto aplicaciones multicast como " "enrutamiento multicast. Las aplicaciones multicast no necesitan ninguna " "configuración especial para ejecutarse en FreeBSD. El soporte para " "enrutamiento multicast requiere que la siguiente opción esté incluida en un " "kernel personalizado:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:319 #, no-wrap msgid "options MROUTING\n" msgstr "options MROUTING\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:325 msgid "" "The multicast routing daemon, mrouted can be installed using the package:net/" "mrouted[] package or port. This daemon implements the DVMRP multicast " "routing protocol and is configured by editing [.filename]#/usr/local/etc/" "mrouted.conf# in order to set up the tunnels and DVMRP. The installation of " "mrouted also installs map-mbone and mrinfo, as well as their associated man " "pages. Refer to these for configuration examples." msgstr "" "El demonio de enrutamiento multicast, mrouted se puede instalar usando el " "paquete o port package:net/mrouted[]. Este demonio implementa el protocolo " "de enrutamiento multicast DVMRP y se configura editando el fichero [." "filename]#/usr/local/etc/mrouted.conf# para configurar los túneles y DVMRP. " "La instalación de mrouted también instala map-mbone y mrinfo, así como sus " "páginas de manual. Consúltalas para ver ejemplos de configuración." #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:330 msgid "" "DVMRP has largely been replaced by the PIM protocol in many multicast " "installations. Refer to man:pim[4] for more information." msgstr "" "DVMRP ha sido ampliamente sustituido por el protocolo PIM en muchas " "instalaciones multicast. Consulta man:pim[4] para más información." #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:333 #, no-wrap msgid "Virtual Hosts" msgstr "Hosts Virtuales" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:337 msgid "" "A common use of FreeBSD is virtual site hosting, where one server appears to " "the network as many servers. This is achieved by assigning multiple network " "addresses to a single interface." msgstr "" "Un uso habitual para FreeBSD es el de proporcionar alojamiento virtual de " "sitios, donde un servidor aparece en la red como muchos servidores. Esto se " "consigue asignando múltiples direcciones de red a una única interfaz." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:340 msgid "" "A given network interface has one \"real\" address, and may have any number " "of \"alias\" addresses. These aliases are normally added by placing alias " "entries in [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#, as seen in this example:" msgstr "" "Una interfaz dada tiene una dirección \"real\", y puede tener un determinado " "número de direcciones \"alias\". Estos alias se añaden normalmente poniendo " "entradas alias en [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#, como se ve en este ejemplo:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:344 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_alias0=\"inet xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx netmask xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx\"\n" msgstr "" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_alias0=\"inet xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx netmask xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx\"" "\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:348 msgid "" "Alias entries must start with `alias__0__` using a sequential number such as " "`alias0`, `alias1`, and so on. The configuration process will stop at the " "first missing number." msgstr "" "Las entradas de alias deben empezar con `alias__0__` usando un número " "secuencial como `alias0`, `alias1`, y así sucesivamente. El proceso de " "configuración terminará en el primer número que falte." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:352 msgid "" "The calculation of alias netmasks is important. For a given interface, " "there must be one address which correctly represents the network's netmask. " "Any other addresses which fall within this network must have a netmask of " "all ``1``s, expressed as either `255.255.255.255` or `0xffffffff`." msgstr "" "El cálculo de las máscaras de red de los alias es importante. Para una " "interfaz data, debe haber una dirección que represente correctamente la " "máscara de la red. Cualquier otra dirección que esté en esta red tiene que " "tener una más cara con todo ``1``s, expresada como `255.255.255.255` o " "`0xffffffff`." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:357 msgid "" "For example, consider the case where the `fxp0` interface is connected to " "two networks: `10.1.1.0` with a netmask of `255.255.255.0` and `202.0.75.16` " "with a netmask of `255.255.255.240`. The system is to be configured to " "appear in the ranges `10.1.1.1` through `10.1.1.5` and `202.0.75.17` through " "`202.0.75.20`. Only the first address in a given network range should have " "a real netmask. All the rest (`10.1.1.2` through `10.1.1.5` and " "`202.0.75.18` through `202.0.75.20`) must be configured with a netmask of " "`255.255.255.255`." msgstr "" "Por ejemplo, considera el caso donde la interfaz `fxp0` está conectada a dos " "redes: `10.1.1.0` con máscara de red `255.255.255.0` y `202.0.75.16` con " "máscara de red`255.255.255.240`. El sistema está configurado para aparecer " "en los rangos `10.1.1.1` hasta `10.1.1.5` y `202.0.75.17` hasta `202.0.75.20`" ". Sólo la primera dirección en un rango de red dado debería tener una " "máscara de red real. Todas las demás (`10.1.1.2` hasta `10.1.1.5` y `202.0.75" ".18` hasta `202.0.75.20`) se deben configurar con máscara de red `255.255.255" ".255`." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:359 msgid "" "The following [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# entries configure the adapter " "correctly for this scenario:" msgstr "" "Las siguientes entradas de [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# configuran " "correctamente el adaptador para este escenario:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:371 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0=\"inet 10.1.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0\"\n" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_alias0=\"inet 10.1.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.255\"\n" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_alias1=\"inet 10.1.1.3 netmask 255.255.255.255\"\n" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_alias2=\"inet 10.1.1.4 netmask 255.255.255.255\"\n" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_alias3=\"inet 10.1.1.5 netmask 255.255.255.255\"\n" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_alias4=\"inet 202.0.75.17 netmask 255.255.255.240\"\n" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_alias5=\"inet 202.0.75.18 netmask 255.255.255.255\"\n" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_alias6=\"inet 202.0.75.19 netmask 255.255.255.255\"\n" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_alias7=\"inet 202.0.75.20 netmask 255.255.255.255\"\n" msgstr "" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0=\"inet 10.1.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0\"\n" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_alias0=\"inet 10.1.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.255\"\n" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_alias1=\"inet 10.1.1.3 netmask 255.255.255.255\"\n" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_alias2=\"inet 10.1.1.4 netmask 255.255.255.255\"\n" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_alias3=\"inet 10.1.1.5 netmask 255.255.255.255\"\n" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_alias4=\"inet 202.0.75.17 netmask 255.255.255.240\"\n" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_alias5=\"inet 202.0.75.18 netmask 255.255.255.255\"\n" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_alias6=\"inet 202.0.75.19 netmask 255.255.255.255\"\n" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_alias7=\"inet 202.0.75.20 netmask 255.255.255.255\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:375 msgid "" "A simpler way to express this is with a space-separated list of IP address " "ranges. The first address will be given the indicated subnet mask and the " "additional addresses will have a subnet mask of `255.255.255.255`." msgstr "" "Una forma más sencilla de expresar esto es con una lista de rangos de " "direcciones IP separadas por espacios. A la primera dirección se le asignará " "la máscara de subred indicada y las demás direcciones tendrán una máscara de " "subred de `255.255.255.255`." #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:379 #, no-wrap msgid "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_aliases=\"inet 10.1.1.1-5/24 inet 202.0.75.17-20/28\"\n" msgstr "" "# sysrc ifconfig_fxp0_aliases=\"inet 10.1.1.1-5/24 inet 202.0.75.17-20/28\"\n" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:382 #, no-wrap msgid "Wireless Advanced Authentication" msgstr "Autenticación Inalámbrica Avanzada" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:386 msgid "" "FreeBSD supports different ways of connecting to a wireless network. This " "section describes how to perform advanced authentication to a Wireless " "Network." msgstr "" "FreeBSD soporta distintas formas de conectarse a una red inalámbrica. Esta " "sección describe como realizar autenticación avanzada en una Red Inalámbrica." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:388 msgid "" "To make a connection and basic authentication to a wireless network the " "section crossref:network[wireless-authentication,Connection and " "Authentication to a Wireless Network] in the Network Chapter describes how " "to do it." msgstr "" "Para hacer una conexión y autenticación básica a una red inalámbrica la " "sección crossref:network[wireless-authentication,Conexión y Autenticación a " "una Red Inalámbrica] en el Capítulo de Red describe como hacerlo." #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:390 #, no-wrap msgid "WPA with EAP-TLS" msgstr "WPA with EAP-TLS" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:395 msgid "" "The second way to use WPA is with an 802.1X backend authentication server. " "In this case, WPA is called WPA Enterprise to differentiate it from the less " "secure WPA Personal. Authentication in WPA Enterprise is based on the " "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)." msgstr "" "La segunda forma de utilizar WPA es con un servidor de autenticación 802.1X. " "En este caso, WPA se llama WPA Enterprise para diferenciarlo del WPA " "Personal menos seguro. La autenticación en WPA Enterprise se basa en el " "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:399 msgid "" "EAP does not come with an encryption method. Instead, EAP is embedded " "inside an encrypted tunnel. There are many EAP authentication methods, but " "EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, and EAP-PEAP are the most common." msgstr "" "EAP no viene con un método de encriptación. En su lugar, EAP se introduce " "dentro de un túnel encriptado. Hay muchos métodos de autenticación EAP, pero " "EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, y EAP-PEAP son los más comunes." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:403 msgid "" "EAP with Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS) is a well-supported wireless " "authentication protocol since it was the first EAP method to be certified by " "the http://www.wi-fi.org/[Wi-Fi Alliance]. EAP-TLS requires three " "certificates to run: the certificate of the Certificate Authority (CA) " "installed on all machines, the server certificate for the authentication " "server, and one client certificate for each wireless client. In this EAP " "method, both the authentication server and wireless client authenticate each " "other by presenting their respective certificates, and then verify that " "these certificates were signed by the organization's CA." msgstr "" "EAP con Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS) es un protocolo de autenticación " "inalámbrica bien soportado ya que fue el primer método EAP certificado por " "la http://www.wi-fi.org/[Wi-Fi Alliance]. EAP-TLS requiere tres " "certificados para funcionar: el certificado de Certificate Authority (CA) " "instalado en todas las máquinas, el certificado de servidor para el servidor " "de autenticación, y un cliente de certificado para cliente inalámbrico. En " "este método EAP, tanto el servidor de autenticación como el cliente " "inalámbrico se autentican entre sí presentando sus respectivos certificados, " "y luego verificando que estos certificados están firmados por la CA de la " "organización." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:405 msgid "" "As previously, the configuration is done via [.filename]#/etc/wpa_supplicant." "conf#:" msgstr "" "Como antes, la configuración se hace mediante [.filename]#/etc/" "wpa_supplicant.conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:419 #, no-wrap msgid "" "network={\n" " ssid=\"freebsdap\" <.>\n" " proto=RSN <.>\n" " key_mgmt=WPA-EAP <.>\n" " eap=TLS <.>\n" " identity=\"loader\" <.>\n" " ca_cert=\"/etc/certs/cacert.pem\" <.>\n" " client_cert=\"/etc/certs/clientcert.pem\" <.>\n" " private_key=\"/etc/certs/clientkey.pem\" <.>\n" " private_key_passwd=\"freebsdmallclient\" <.>\n" "}\n" msgstr "" "network={\n" " ssid=\"freebsdap\" <.>\n" " proto=RSN <.>\n" " key_mgmt=WPA-EAP <.>\n" " eap=TLS <.>\n" " identity=\"loader\" <.>\n" " ca_cert=\"/etc/certs/cacert.pem\" <.>\n" " client_cert=\"/etc/certs/clientcert.pem\" <.>\n" " private_key=\"/etc/certs/clientkey.pem\" <.>\n" " private_key_passwd=\"freebsdmallclient\" <.>\n" "}\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:422 msgid "This field indicates the network name (SSID)." msgstr "Este campo indica el nombre de la red (SSID)." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:423 msgid "This example uses the RSN IEEE(R) 802.11i protocol, also known as WPA2." msgstr "" "Este ejemplo utiliza el protocolo RSN IEEE(R) 802.11i también conocido como " "WPA2." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:424 msgid "" "The `key_mgmt` line refers to the key management protocol to use. In this " "example, it is WPA using EAP authentication." msgstr "" "La línea `key_mgmt` hace referencia al protocolo de gestión de claves que se " "utiliza. En este ejemplo, es WPA con autenticación EAP." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:425 msgid "This field indicates the EAP method for the connection." msgstr "Este campo indica el método EAP para la conexión." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:426 msgid "The `identity` field contains the identity string for EAP." msgstr "El campo `identity` contiene la cadena de identidad para EAP." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:427 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:491 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:561 msgid "" "The `ca_cert` field indicates the pathname of the CA certificate file. This " "file is needed to verify the server certificate." msgstr "" "El campo `ca_cert` indica la ruta al fichero del certificado de CA. Este " "fichero es necesario para verificar el certificado de servidor." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:428 msgid "" "The `client_cert` line gives the pathname to the client certificate file. " "This certificate is unique to each wireless client of the network." msgstr "" "La línea `cliente_cert` da la ruta al fichero de certificado del cliente. " "Este certificado es único para cada cliente inalámbrico de la red." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:429 msgid "" "The `private_key` field is the pathname to the client certificate private " "key file." msgstr "" "El campo `private_key` es la ruta al fichero de clave privada del " "certificado del cliente." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:430 msgid "" "The `private_key_passwd` field contains the passphrase for the private key." msgstr "" "El campo `private_key_passwd` contienen la contraseña para la clave privada." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:432 msgid "Then, add the following lines to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "Después, añade las siguientes líneas a [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:437 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:499 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:570 #, no-wrap msgid "" "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" "ifconfig_wlan0=\"WPA DHCP\"\n" msgstr "" "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" "ifconfig_wlan0=\"WPA DHCP\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:440 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:502 msgid "The next step is to bring up the interface:" msgstr "El siguiente paso es levantar la interfaz:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:459 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service netif start\n" "Starting wpa_supplicant.\n" "DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 7\n" "DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 15\n" "DHCPACK from 192.168.0.20\n" "bound to 192.168.0.254 -- renewal in 300 seconds.\n" "wlan0: flags=8843 mtu 1500\n" " ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62\n" " inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" " media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet DS/11Mbps mode 11g\n" " status: associated\n" " ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" " country US ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF\n" " AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 21.5 bmiss 7 scanvalid 450 bgscan\n" " bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7 roam:rate 5 protmode CTS\n" " wme burst roaming MANUAL\n" msgstr "" "# service netif start\n" "Starting wpa_supplicant.\n" "DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 7\n" "DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 15\n" "DHCPACK from 192.168.0.20\n" "bound to 192.168.0.254 -- renewal in 300 seconds.\n" "wlan0: flags=8843 mtu 1500\n" " ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62\n" " inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" " media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet DS/11Mbps mode 11g\n" " status: associated\n" " ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" " country US ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF\n" " AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 21.5 bmiss 7 scanvalid 450 bgscan\n" " bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7 roam:rate 5 protmode CTS\n" " wme burst roaming MANUAL\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:462 msgid "" "It is also possible to bring up the interface manually using man:" "wpa_supplicant[8] and man:ifconfig[8]." msgstr "" "También es posible levantar la interfaz manualmente utilizando man:" "wpa_supplicant[8] y man:ifconfig[8]." #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:464 #, no-wrap msgid "WPA with EAP-TTLS" msgstr "WPA with EAP-TTLS" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:470 msgid "" "With EAP-TLS, both the authentication server and the client need a " "certificate. With EAP-TTLS, a client certificate is optional. This method " "is similar to a web server which creates a secure SSL tunnel even if " "visitors do not have client-side certificates. EAP-TTLS uses an encrypted " "TLS tunnel for safe transport of the authentication data." msgstr "" "Con EAP-TLS, tanto la autenticación de servidor como la de cliente necesitan " "un certificado. Con EAP-TTLS, el certificado de cliente es opcional. Este " "método es similar a un servidor web que crea un tunel SSL seguro incluso " "cuando los visitantes no tienen certificados de cliente. EAP-TTLS utiliza un " "túnel encriptado con TLS para el transporte seguro de los datos de " "autenticación." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:472 msgid "" "The required configuration can be added to [.filename]#/etc/wpa_supplicant." "conf#:" msgstr "" "La configuración necesaria se puede añadir a [.filename]#/etc/wpa_supplicant." "conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:485 #, no-wrap msgid "" "network={\n" " ssid=\"freebsdap\"\n" " proto=RSN\n" " key_mgmt=WPA-EAP\n" " eap=TTLS <.>\n" " identity=\"test\" <.>\n" " password=\"test\" <.>\n" " ca_cert=\"/etc/certs/cacert.pem\" <.>\n" " phase2=\"auth=MD5\" <.>\n" "}\n" msgstr "" "network={\n" " ssid=\"freebsdap\"\n" " proto=RSN\n" " key_mgmt=WPA-EAP\n" " eap=TTLS <.>\n" " identity=\"test\" <.>\n" " password=\"test\" <.>\n" " ca_cert=\"/etc/certs/cacert.pem\" <.>\n" " phase2=\"auth=MD5\" <.>\n" "}\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:488 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:558 msgid "This field specifies the EAP method for the connection." msgstr "Este campo especifica el método EAP para la conexión." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:489 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:559 msgid "" "The `identity` field contains the identity string for EAP authentication " "inside the encrypted TLS tunnel." msgstr "" "El campo `identity` contiene la cadena de identidad para la autenticación " "EAP dentro del túnel encriptado con TLS." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:490 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:560 msgid "" "The `password` field contains the passphrase for the EAP authentication." msgstr "El campo `password` contiene la contraseña para la autenticación EAP." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:492 msgid "" "This field specifies the authentication method used in the encrypted TLS " "tunnel. In this example, EAP with MD5-Challenge is used. The \"inner " "authentication\" phase is often called \"phase2\"." msgstr "" "Este campo especifica el método de autenticación usado en el túnel TLS " "encriptado. En este ejemplo, se utiliza EAP con MD5-Challenge. La fase de " "\"autenticación interna\" se llama habitualmente \"phase2\"." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:494 msgid "Next, add the following lines to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "Después, añade las siguientes líneas a [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:522 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:593 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service netif start\n" "Starting wpa_supplicant.\n" "DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 7\n" "DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 15\n" "DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 21\n" "DHCPACK from 192.168.0.20\n" "bound to 192.168.0.254 -- renewal in 300 seconds.\n" "wlan0: flags=8843 mtu 1500\n" " ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62\n" " inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" " media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet DS/11Mbps mode 11g\n" " status: associated\n" " ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" " country US ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF\n" " AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 21.5 bmiss 7 scanvalid 450 bgscan\n" " bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7 roam:rate 5 protmode CTS\n" " wme burst roaming MANUAL\n" msgstr "" "# service netif start\n" "Starting wpa_supplicant.\n" "DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 7\n" "DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 15\n" "DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 21\n" "DHCPACK from 192.168.0.20\n" "bound to 192.168.0.254 -- renewal in 300 seconds.\n" "wlan0: flags=8843 mtu 1500\n" " ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62\n" " inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" " media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet DS/11Mbps mode 11g\n" " status: associated\n" " ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" " country US ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF\n" " AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 21.5 bmiss 7 scanvalid 450 bgscan\n" " bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7 roam:rate 5 protmode CTS\n" " wme burst roaming MANUAL\n" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:525 #, no-wrap msgid "WPA with EAP-PEAP" msgstr "WPA with EAP-PEAP" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:531 msgid "" "PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2 is the most common PEAP method. In this chapter, the " "term PEAP is used to refer to that method." msgstr "" "PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2 es el método PEAP más común. En este capítulo, el " "término PEAP se usa para referirnos a ese método." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:535 msgid "" "Protected EAP (PEAP) is designed as an alternative to EAP-TTLS and is the " "most used EAP standard after EAP-TLS. In a network with mixed operating " "systems, PEAP should be the most supported standard after EAP-TLS." msgstr "" "Protected EAP (PEAP) se diseñó como una alternativa a EAP-TTLS y es el " "segundo estándar EAP más usado por detrás de EAP-TLS. En una red con " "sistemas operativos variados, PEAP debería ser el estándar más soportado por " "detrás de EAP-TLS." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:539 msgid "" "PEAP is similar to EAP-TTLS as it uses a server-side certificate to " "authenticate clients by creating an encrypted TLS tunnel between the client " "and the authentication server, which protects the ensuing exchange of " "authentication information. PEAP authentication differs from EAP-TTLS as it " "broadcasts the username in the clear and only the password is sent in the " "encrypted TLS tunnel. EAP-TTLS will use the TLS tunnel for both the " "username and password." msgstr "" "PEAP es similar a EAP-TTLS ya que utiliza un certificado de servidor para " "autenticar clientes mediante la creación de un túnel TLS encriptado entre el " "cliente y el servidor de autenticación, el cual protege el subsiguiente " "intercambio de información de autenticación. La autenticación PEAP es " "diferente de EAP-TTLS ya que emite el usuario sin encriptar y sólo la " "contraseña se envía por el túnel TLS encriptado. EAP-TTLS utilizará el túnel " "TLS tanto para el nombre de usuario como para la contraseña." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:541 msgid "" "Add the following lines to [.filename]#/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf# to " "configure the EAP-PEAP related settings:" msgstr "" "Añade las siguientes líneas a [.filename]#/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf# para " "configurar los parámetros relacionados con EAP-PEAP:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:555 #, no-wrap msgid "" "network={\n" " ssid=\"freebsdap\"\n" " proto=RSN\n" " key_mgmt=WPA-EAP\n" " eap=PEAP <.>\n" " identity=\"test\" <.>\n" " password=\"test\" <.>\n" " ca_cert=\"/etc/certs/cacert.pem\" <.>\n" " phase1=\"peaplabel=0\" <.>\n" " phase2=\"auth=MSCHAPV2\" <.>\n" "}\n" msgstr "" "network={\n" " ssid=\"freebsdap\"\n" " proto=RSN\n" " key_mgmt=WPA-EAP\n" " eap=PEAP <.>\n" " identity=\"test\" <.>\n" " password=\"test\" <.>\n" " ca_cert=\"/etc/certs/cacert.pem\" <.>\n" " phase1=\"peaplabel=0\" <.>\n" " phase2=\"auth=MSCHAPV2\" <.>\n" "}\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:562 msgid "" "This field contains the parameters for the first phase of authentication, " "the TLS tunnel. According to the authentication server used, specify a " "specific label for authentication. Most of the time, the label will be " "\"client EAP encryption\" which is set by using `peaplabel=0`. More " "information can be found in man:wpa_supplicant.conf[5]." msgstr "" "Este campo contiene los parámetros para la primera fase de autenticación, el " "túnel TLS. Según el servidor de autenticación utilizado, especifica una " "etiqueta concreta para la autenticación. La mayoría de las veces la etiqueta " "será \"cliente EAP encryption\" que se establece usando `peaplabel=0`. Se " "puede encontrar más información en man:wpa_supplicant.confg[5]." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:563 msgid "" "This field specifies the authentication protocol used in the encrypted TLS " "tunnel. In the case of PEAP, it is `auth=MSCHAPV2`." msgstr "" "Este campo especifica el protocolo de autenticación utilizado en el túnel " "encriptado con TLS. En el caso de PEAP, es `auth=MSCHAPV2`." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:565 msgid "Add the following to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "Añade lo siguiente a [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:573 msgid "Then, bring up the interface:" msgstr "Después, levanta la interfaz:" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:596 #, no-wrap msgid "Wireless Ad-hoc Mode" msgstr "Modo Ad-hoc Inalámbrico" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:600 msgid "" "IBSS mode, also called ad-hoc mode, is designed for point to point " "connections. For example, to establish an ad-hoc network between the " "machines `A` and `B`, choose two IP addresses and a SSID." msgstr "" "El modo IBSS, también llamado modo ad-hoc, está diseñado para comunicaciones " "punto a punto. Por ejemplo, para establecer una red ad-hoc entre las " "máquinas `A` y `B`, escoge dos direcciones IP y un SSID." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:602 msgid "On `A`:" msgstr "En `A`:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:616 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0 wlanmode adhoc\n" "# ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid freebsdap\n" "# ifconfig wlan0\n" " wlan0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" "\t ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" "\t inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" "\t media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g \n" "\t status: running\n" "\t ssid freebsdap channel 2 (2417 Mhz 11g) bssid 02:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" "\t country US ecm authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpower 21.5 scanvalid 60\n" "\t protmode CTS wme burst\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0 wlanmode adhoc\n" "# ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid freebsdap\n" "# ifconfig wlan0\n" " wlan0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" "\t ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" "\t inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" "\t media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g \n" "\t status: running\n" "\t ssid freebsdap channel 2 (2417 Mhz 11g) bssid 02:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" "\t country US ecm authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpower 21.5 scanvalid 60\n" "\t protmode CTS wme burst\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:619 msgid "" "The `adhoc` parameter indicates that the interface is running in IBSS mode." msgstr "" "El parámetro `ad-hoc` indica que el interfaz está funcionando en modo IBSS." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:621 msgid "`B` should now be able to detect `A`:" msgstr "Ahora `B` debería ser capaz de detecta a `A`:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:628 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0 wlanmode adhoc\n" "# ifconfig wlan0 up scan\n" " SSID/MESH ID BSSID CHAN RATE S:N INT CAPS\n" " freebsdap 02:11:95:c3:0d:ac 2 54M -64:-96 100 IS WME\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0 wlanmode adhoc\n" "# ifconfig wlan0 up scan\n" " SSID/MESH ID BSSID CHAN RATE S:N INT CAPS\n" " freebsdap 02:11:95:c3:0d:ac 2 54M -64:-96 100 IS WME\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:632 msgid "" "The `I` in the output confirms that `A` is in ad-hoc mode. Now, configure " "`B` with a different IP address:" msgstr "" "La `I` en la salida confirma que `A` está en modo ad-hoc. Ahora, configura " "`B` con una dirección IP diferente:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:645 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.168.0.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid freebsdap\n" "# ifconfig wlan0\n" " wlan0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" "\t ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62\n" "\t inet 192.168.0.2 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" "\t media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g \n" "\t status: running\n" "\t ssid freebsdap channel 2 (2417 Mhz 11g) bssid 02:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" "\t country US ecm authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpower 21.5 scanvalid 60\n" "\t protmode CTS wme burst\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.168.0.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid freebsdap\n" "# ifconfig wlan0\n" " wlan0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" "\t ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62\n" "\t inet 192.168.0.2 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" "\t media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g \n" "\t status: running\n" "\t ssid freebsdap channel 2 (2417 Mhz 11g) bssid 02:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" "\t country US ecm authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpower 21.5 scanvalid 60\n" "\t protmode CTS wme burst\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:648 msgid "Both `A` and `B` are now ready to exchange information." msgstr "Ahora `A` y `B` están listas para intercambiar información." #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:650 #, no-wrap msgid "FreeBSD Host Access Points" msgstr "Puntos de Acceso Host FreeBSD" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:654 msgid "" "FreeBSD can act as an Access Point (AP) which eliminates the need to buy a " "hardware AP or run an ad-hoc network. This can be particularly useful when " "a FreeBSD machine is acting as a gateway to another network such as the " "Internet." msgstr "" "FreeBSD puede actuar como un Punto de Acceso (AP) lo que elimina la " "necesidad de comparar un hardware AP o montar una red ad-hoc. Esto puede ser " "particularmente útil cuando una máquina FreeBSD está actuando como gateway a " "otra red como Internet." #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:656 #, no-wrap msgid "Basic Settings" msgstr "Configuración Básica" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:660 msgid "" "Before configuring a FreeBSD machine as an AP, the kernel must be configured " "with the appropriate networking support for the wireless card as well as the " "security protocols being used. For more details, see <>." msgstr "" "Antes de configurar una máquina FreeBSD como un AP, el kernel se tiene que " "configurar con el soporte de red apropiado para la tarjeta inalámbrica así " "como con los protocolos de seguridad que se utilizarán. Para más detalles, " "consulta <>." #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:665 msgid "" "The NDIS driver wrapper for Windows(R) drivers does not currently support AP " "operation. Only native FreeBSD wireless drivers support AP mode." msgstr "" "El adaptador de controladores NDIS para controladores de Windows(R) " "actualmente no soporta operar en modo AP. Sólo los controladores " "inalámbricos nativos de FreeBSD soportan modo AP." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:668 msgid "" "Once wireless networking support is loaded, check if the wireless device " "supports the host-based access point mode, also known as hostap mode:" msgstr "" "Una vez que se ha cargado el soporte para redes inalámbricas, comprueba si " "el dispositivo inalámbrico soporta el modo de punto de acceso basado en " "host, también conocido como modo hostap:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:675 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0\n" "# ifconfig wlan0 list caps\n" "drivercaps=6f85edc1\n" "cryptocaps=1f\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0\n" "# ifconfig wlan0 list caps\n" "drivercaps=6f85edc1\n" "cryptocaps=1f\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:681 msgid "" "This output displays the card's capabilities. The `HOSTAP` word confirms " "that this wireless card can act as an AP. Various supported ciphers are " "also listed: WEP, TKIP, and AES. This information indicates which security " "protocols can be used on the AP." msgstr "" "Esta salida muestra las capacidades de la tarjeta. La palabra `HOSTAP` " "confirma que la tarjeta inalámbrica puede actuar como un AP. También se " "listan varios encriptadores soportados: WEP, TKIP, y AES. Esta información " "indica qué protocolos de seguridad se pueden utilizar con el AP." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:683 msgid "" "The wireless device can only be put into hostap mode during the creation of " "the network pseudo-device, so a previously created device must be destroyed " "first:" msgstr "" "El dispositivo inalámbrico sólo puede ser puesto en modo hostap durante la " "creación del pseudo-dispositivo de red, de forma que si hay una dispositivo " "creado anteriormente se tiene que destruir primero:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:687 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig wlan0 destroy\n" msgstr "# ifconfig wlan0 destroy\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:690 msgid "" "then regenerated with the correct option before setting the other parameters:" msgstr "" "después regenerado con la opción correcta antes de establecer otros " "parámetros:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:695 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0 wlanmode hostap\n" "# ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid freebsdap mode 11g channel 1\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0 wlanmode hostap\n" "# ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid freebsdap mode 11g channel 1\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:698 msgid "" "Use man:ifconfig[8] again to see the status of the [.filename]#wlan0# " "interface:" msgstr "" "Usa man:ifconfig[8] de nuevo para ver el estado de la interfaz [." "filename]#wlan0#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:710 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0\n" " wlan0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" "\t ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" "\t inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" "\t media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g \n" "\t status: running\n" "\t ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" "\t country US ecm authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpower 21.5 scanvalid 60\n" "\t protmode CTS wme burst dtimperiod 1 -dfs\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig wlan0\n" " wlan0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" "\t ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" "\t inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" "\t media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g \n" "\t status: running\n" "\t ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" "\t country US ecm authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpower 21.5 scanvalid 60\n" "\t protmode CTS wme burst dtimperiod 1 -dfs\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:713 msgid "" "The `hostap` parameter indicates the interface is running in the host-based " "access point mode." msgstr "" "El parámetro `hostap` indica que el interfaz está funcionando en modo punto " "de acceso basado en host." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:715 msgid "" "The interface configuration can be done automatically at boot time by adding " "the following lines to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "" "La configuración del interfaz se puede hacer de forma automática al arrancar " "añadiendo las siguientes líneas a [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:721 #, no-wrap msgid "" "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" "create_args_wlan0=\"wlanmode hostap\"\n" "ifconfig_wlan0=\"inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid freebsdap mode 11g channel 1\"\n" msgstr "" "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" "create_args_wlan0=\"wlanmode hostap\"\n" "ifconfig_wlan0=\"inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid freebsdap mode 11g channel 1\"\n" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:723 #, no-wrap msgid "Host-based Access Point Without Authentication or Encryption" msgstr "Punto de Acceso basado en Host Sin Autenticación o Encriptación" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:727 msgid "" "Although it is not recommended to run an AP without any authentication or " "encryption, this is a simple way to check if the AP is working. This " "configuration is also important for debugging client issues." msgstr "" "Aunque no se recomienda ejecutar un AP sin ninguna autenticación o " "encriptación, es una forma simple de comprobar que el AP funciona. Esta " "configuración también es importante para depurar problemas en el cliente." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:729 msgid "" "Once the AP is configured, initiate a scan from another wireless machine to " "find the AP:" msgstr "" "Una vez que el AP está configurado, inicia un escaneo desde otra máquina " "inalámbrica para encontrar el AP:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:736 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0\n" "# ifconfig wlan0 up scan\n" "SSID/MESH ID BSSID CHAN RATE S:N INT CAPS\n" "freebsdap 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac 1 54M -66:-96 100 ES WME\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0\n" "# ifconfig wlan0 up scan\n" "SSID/MESH ID BSSID CHAN RATE S:N INT CAPS\n" "freebsdap 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac 1 54M -66:-96 100 ES WME\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:739 msgid "The client machine found the AP and can be associated with it:" msgstr "La máquina cliente ha encontrado el AP y se puede asociar con él:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:753 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.168.0.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid freebsdap\n" "# ifconfig wlan0\n" " wlan0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" "\t ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62\n" "\t inet 192.168.0.2 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" "\t media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet OFDM/54Mbps mode 11g\n" "\t status: associated\n" "\t ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" "\t country US ecm authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpower 21.5 bmiss 7\n" "\t scanvalid 60 bgscan bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7\n" "\t roam:rate 5 protmode CTS wme burst\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.168.0.2 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid freebsdap\n" "# ifconfig wlan0\n" " wlan0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" "\t ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62\n" "\t inet 192.168.0.2 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" "\t media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet OFDM/54Mbps mode 11g\n" "\t status: associated\n" "\t ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" "\t country US ecm authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpower 21.5 bmiss 7\n" "\t scanvalid 60 bgscan bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7\n" "\t roam:rate 5 protmode CTS wme burst\n" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:756 #, no-wrap msgid "WPA2 Host-based Access Point" msgstr "Punto de Acceso WPA2 basado en Host" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:760 msgid "" "This section focuses on setting up a FreeBSD access point using the WPA2 " "security protocol. More details regarding WPA and the configuration of WPA-" "based wireless clients can be found in <>." msgstr "" "Esta sección se centra en configurar un punto de acceso FreeBSD usando el " "protocolo de seguridad WPA2. Se pueden encontrar más detalles acerca de WPA " "y de la configuración de clientes inalámbricos basados en WPA en <>." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:762 msgid "" "The man:hostapd[8] daemon is used to deal with client authentication and key " "management on the WPA2-enabled AP." msgstr "" "El demonio man:hostapd[8] se usa para manejar la autenticación del cliente y " "la gestión de la clave en el AP con WPA2 habilitado." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:765 msgid "" "The following configuration operations are performed on the FreeBSD machine " "acting as the AP. Once the AP is correctly working, man:hostapd[8] can be " "automatically started at boot with this line in [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "" "Una máquina FreeBSD configurada como AP realiza las siguientes operaciones " "de configuración. Una vez que el AP está funcionando correctamente, se puede " "iniciar man:hostapd[8] durante el arranque con esta línea en [.filename]#/" "etc/rc.conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:769 #, no-wrap msgid "hostapd_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "hostapd_enable=\"YES\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:772 msgid "" "Before trying to configure man:hostapd[8], first configure the basic " "settings introduced in <>." msgstr "" "Antes de intentar configurar man:hostapd[8], primero configura los " "parámetros básicos presentados en <>." #. type: Title ===== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:773 #, no-wrap msgid "WPA2-PSK" msgstr "WPA2-PSK" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:776 msgid "" "WPA2-PSK is intended for small networks where the use of a backend " "authentication server is not possible or desired." msgstr "" "WPA2-PSK está pensado para pequeñas redes donde no se puede o no es deseable " "utilizar un servidor de autenticación." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:778 msgid "The configuration is done in [.filename]#/etc/hostapd.conf#:" msgstr "La configuración se hace en [.filename]#/etc/hostapd.conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:790 #, no-wrap msgid "" "interface=wlan0 <.>\n" "debug=1 <.>\n" "ctrl_interface=/var/run/hostapd <.>\n" "ctrl_interface_group=wheel <.>\n" "ssid=freebsdap <.>\n" "wpa=2 <.>\n" "wpa_passphrase=freebsdmall <.>\n" "wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK <.>\n" "wpa_pairwise=CCMP <.>\n" msgstr "" "interface=wlan0 <.>\n" "debug=1 <.>\n" "ctrl_interface=/var/run/hostapd <.>\n" "ctrl_interface_group=wheel <.>\n" "ssid=freebsdap <.>\n" "wpa=2 <.>\n" "wpa_passphrase=freebsdmall <.>\n" "wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK <.>\n" "wpa_pairwise=CCMP <.>\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:793 msgid "Wireless interface used for the access point." msgstr "Interfaz inalámbrica utilizada para el punto de acceso." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:794 msgid "" "Level of verbosity used during the execution of man:hostapd[8]. A value of " "`1` represents the minimal level." msgstr "" "Nivel de verbosidad utilizado durante la ejecución de man:hostapd[8]. Un " "valor de `1` representa el nivel mínimo." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:795 msgid "" "Pathname of the directory used by man:hostapd[8] to store domain socket " "files for communication with external programs such as man:hostapd_cli[8]. " "The default value is used in this example." msgstr "" "Ruta del directorio utilizado por man:hostapd[8] para almacenar ficheros de " "sockets de dominio para comunicación con programas externos como man:" "hostapd_cli[8]. En este ejemplo se usa el valor por defecto." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:796 msgid "The group allowed to access the control interface files." msgstr "" "El grupo que tiene permitido el acceso a los ficheros de control del " "interfaz." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:797 msgid "The wireless network name, or SSID, that will appear in wireless scans." msgstr "" "El nombre de la red inalámbrica, o SSID, que aparecerá en los escaneos " "inalámbricos." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:798 msgid "" "Enable WPA and specify which WPA authentication protocol will be required. A " "value of `2` configures the AP for WPA2 and is recommended. Set to `1` only " "if the obsolete WPA is required." msgstr "" "Activa WPA y especifica qué protocolo de autenticación WPA se requerirá. Un " "valor de `2` configura el AP para WPA2 y es el recomendado. Establécelo a " "`1` sólo si se necesita el obsoleto WPA." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:799 msgid "ASCII passphrase for WPA authentication." msgstr "Contraseña ASCII para la autenticación WPA." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:800 msgid "The key management protocol to use. This example sets WPA-PSK." msgstr "" "El protocolo de gestión de claves a usar. Este ejemplo establece WPA-PSK." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:801 msgid "" "Encryption algorithms accepted by the access point. In this example, only " "the CCMP (AES) cipher is accepted. CCMP is an alternative to TKIP and is " "strongly preferred when possible. TKIP should be allowed only when there are " "stations incapable of using CCMP." msgstr "" "Algoritmos de encriptación aceptados por el punto de acceso. En este " "ejemplo, sólo se acepta el encriptador CCMP (AES). CCMP es una alternativa a " "TKIP y se prefiere siempre que se a posible. TKIP sólo debería permitirse " "cuando las estaciones con incapaces de usar CCMP." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:803 msgid "The next step is to start man:hostapd[8]:" msgstr "El siguiente paso es arrancar man:hostapd[8]:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:807 #, no-wrap msgid "# service hostapd forcestart\n" msgstr "# service hostapd forcestart\n" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:824 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0\n" "wlan0: flags=8943 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" "\tether 04:f0:21:16:8e:10\n" "\tinet6 fe80::6f0:21ff:fe16:8e10%wlan0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x9\n" "\tnd6 options=21\n" "\tmedia: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11na \n" "\tstatus: running\n" "\tssid No5ignal channel 36 (5180 MHz 11a ht/40+) bssid 04:f0:21:16:8e:10\n" "\tcountry US ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy MIXED deftxkey 2\n" "\tAES-CCM 2:128-bit AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 17 mcastrate 6 mgmtrate 6\n" "\tscanvalid 60 ampdulimit 64k ampdudensity 8 shortgi wme burst\n" "\tdtimperiod 1 -dfs\n" "\tgroups: wlan\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig wlan0\n" "wlan0: flags=8943 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" "\tether 04:f0:21:16:8e:10\n" "\tinet6 fe80::6f0:21ff:fe16:8e10%wlan0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x9\n" "\tnd6 options=21\n" "\tmedia: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11na \n" "\tstatus: running\n" "\tssid No5ignal channel 36 (5180 MHz 11a ht/40+) bssid 04:f0:21:16:8e:10\n" "\tcountry US ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy MIXED deftxkey 2\n" "\tAES-CCM 2:128-bit AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 17 mcastrate 6 mgmtrate 6\n" "\tscanvalid 60 ampdulimit 64k ampdudensity 8 shortgi wme burst\n" "\tdtimperiod 1 -dfs\n" "\tgroups: wlan\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:829 msgid "" "Once the AP is running, the clients can associate with it. See <> for more details. It is possible to see the stations " "associated with the AP using `ifconfig _wlan0_ list sta`." msgstr "" "Una vez que el AP está funcionando, los clientes se pueden asociar a él. " "Consulta <> para más detalles. Es posible ver las " "estaciones asociadas con el AP usando `ifconfig _wlan0_ list sta`." #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:831 #, no-wrap msgid "USB Tethering" msgstr "Tethering USB" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:835 msgid "" "Many cellphones provide the option to share their data connection over USB " "(often called \"tethering\"). This feature uses one of RNDIS, CDC, or a " "custom Apple(R) iPhone(R)/iPad(R) protocol." msgstr "" "Muchos teléfonos móviles proporcionan la opción de compartir su conexión de " "datos a través de USB (habitualmente llamado \"tethering\"). Esta " "característica usa uno de los protocolos RNDIS, CDC o el protocolo " "personalizado Apple(R) iPhone(R)/iPad(R)." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:837 msgid "Android(TM) devices generally use the man:urndis[4] driver." msgstr "" "Los dispositivos Android(TM) normalmente utilizan el controlador man:" "urndis[4]." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:838 msgid "Apple(R) devices use the man:ipheth[4] driver." msgstr "Los dispositivos Apple(R) usan el controlador man:ipheth[4]." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:839 msgid "Older devices will often use the man:cdce[4] driver." msgstr "" "Dispositivos más antiguos usarán habitualmente el controlador man:cdce[4]." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:841 msgid "Before attaching a device, load the appropriate driver into the kernel:" msgstr "" "Antes de conectar un dispositivo, carga el controlador apropiado en el " "kernel:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:847 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# kldload if_urndis\n" "# kldload if_cdce\n" "# kldload if_ipheth\n" msgstr "" "# kldload if_urndis\n" "# kldload if_cdce\n" "# kldload if_ipheth\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:851 msgid "" "Once the device is attached ``ue``_0_ will be available for use like a " "normal network device. Be sure that the \"USB tethering\" option is enabled " "on the device." msgstr "" "Una vez que el dispositivo está conectado ``ue``_0_ estará disponible para " "que lo usemos como un dispositivo de red normal. Asegúrate de que el " "dispositivo tiene la opción \"USB tethering\" activada." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:853 msgid "" "To make this change permanent and load the driver as a module at boot time, " "place the appropriate line of the following in [.filename]#/boot/loader." "conf#:" msgstr "" "Para hacer este cambio permanente y cargar el controlador como un módulo en " "el arranque, escribe la línea apropiada de las siguientes en [.filename]#/" "boot/loader.conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:859 #, no-wrap msgid "" "if_urndis_load=\"YES\"\n" "if_cdce_load=\"YES\"\n" "if_ipheth_load=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "" "if_urndis_load=\"YES\"\n" "if_cdce_load=\"YES\"\n" "if_ipheth_load=\"YES\"\n" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:862 #, no-wrap msgid "Bluetooth" msgstr "Bluetooth" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:867 msgid "" "Bluetooth is a wireless technology for creating personal networks operating " "in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed band, with a range of 10 meters. Networks are " "usually formed ad-hoc from portable devices such as cellular phones, " "handhelds, and laptops. Unlike Wi-Fi wireless technology, Bluetooth offers " "higher level service profiles, such as FTP-like file servers, file pushing, " "voice transport, serial line emulation, and more." msgstr "" "Bluetooth es una tecnología inalámbrica para crear redes personales que " "operen en la banda sin licenciar de 2.4 GHz, con un rago de 10 metros. Las " "redes se forman normalmente como ad-hoc a partir de dispositivos portátiles " "como teléfonos móviles, tabletas, y portátiles. A diferencia de la " "tecnología inalámbrica Wi-Fi, Bluetooth ofrece perfiles de servicio de más " "alto nivel, como servidores de fichero tipo FTP, envío de ficheros, " "transporte de voz, emulación de línea serie, y más." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:870 msgid "" "This section describes the use of a USB Bluetooth dongle on a FreeBSD " "system. It then describes the various Bluetooth protocols and utilities." msgstr "" "Esta sección describe el uso de un conector USB Bluetooth en un sistema " "FreeBSD. Después describe varias de las utilidades y protocolos de Bluetooth." #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:871 #, no-wrap msgid "Loading Bluetooth Support" msgstr "Cargando Soporte Bluetooth" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:878 msgid "" "The Bluetooth stack in FreeBSD is implemented using the man:netgraph[4] " "framework. A broad variety of Bluetooth USB dongles is supported by man:" "ng_ubt[4]. Broadcom BCM2033 based Bluetooth devices are supported by the " "man:ubtbcmfw[4] and man:ng_ubt[4] drivers. The 3Com Bluetooth PC Card " "3CRWB60-A is supported by the man:ng_bt3c[4] driver. Serial and UART based " "Bluetooth devices are supported by man:sio[4], man:ng_h4[4], and man:" "hcseriald[8]." msgstr "" "La pila Bluetooth en FreeBSD está implementada utilizando el framework man:" "netgraph[4]. Una gran variedad de conectores USB Bluetooth se soporta con " "man:ng_ubt[4]. Los dispositivos Bluetooth basados en Broadcom BCM2033 se " "soportan mediante los controladores man:ubtbcmfw[4] y man:ng_ubt[4]. La " "tarjeta 3Com Bluetooth PC Card 3CRWB60-A está soportada por el controlador " "man:ng_bt3c[4]. Los dispositivos serie y UART Bluetooth están soportados por " "man:sio[4], man:ng_h4[4], y man:hcseriald[8]." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:881 msgid "" "Before attaching a device, determine which of the above drivers it uses, " "then load the driver. For example, if the device uses the man:ng_ubt[4] " "driver:" msgstr "" "Antes de conectar un dispositivo, determina cuál de los controladores " "anteriores utiliza, después carga el controlador. Por ejemplo, si el " "dispositivo utiliza el controlador man:ng_ubt[4]:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:885 #, no-wrap msgid "# kldload ng_ubt\n" msgstr "# kldload ng_ubt\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:888 msgid "" "If the Bluetooth device will be attached to the system during system " "startup, the system can be configured to load the module at boot time by " "adding the driver to [.filename]#/boot/loader.conf#:" msgstr "" "Si el dispositivo Bluetooth se va a conectar al sistema durante el arranque, " "éste se puede configurar para cargar el módulo durante el arranque añadiendo " "el controlador a [.filename]#/boot/loader.conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:892 #, no-wrap msgid "ng_ubt_load=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "ng_ubt_load=\"YES\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:896 msgid "" "Once the driver is loaded, plug in the USB dongle. If the driver load was " "successful, output similar to the following should appear on the console and " "in [.filename]#/var/log/messages#:" msgstr "" "Una vez que el controlador está cargado, conecta el dispositivo USB. Si el " "controlador se cargó de forma correcta, en la consola y en [.filename]#/var/" "log/messages# debería aparecer una salida similar a la siguiente:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:903 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ubt0: vendor 0x0a12 product 0x0001, rev 1.10/5.25, addr 2\n" "ubt0: Interface 0 endpoints: interrupt=0x81, bulk-in=0x82, bulk-out=0x2\n" "ubt0: Interface 1 (alt.config 5) endpoints: isoc-in=0x83, isoc-out=0x3,\n" " wMaxPacketSize=49, nframes=6, buffer size=294\n" msgstr "" "ubt0: vendor 0x0a12 product 0x0001, rev 1.10/5.25, addr 2\n" "ubt0: Interface 0 endpoints: interrupt=0x81, bulk-in=0x82, bulk-out=0x2\n" "ubt0: Interface 1 (alt.config 5) endpoints: isoc-in=0x83, isoc-out=0x3,\n" " wMaxPacketSize=49, nframes=6, buffer size=294\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:908 msgid "" "To start and stop the Bluetooth stack, use its startup script. It is a good " "idea to stop the stack before unplugging the device. Starting the bluetooth " "stack might require man:hcsecd[8] to be started. When starting the stack, " "the output should be similar to the following:" msgstr "" "Para iniciar y parar la pila Bluetooth, utiliza su script de arranque. Es " "una buena idea parar la pila después de desconectar el dispositivo. Arrancar " "la pila bluetooth podría necesitar que se arranque man:hcsecd[8]. Cuando se " "arranca la pila, la salida debería ser similar a la siguiente:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:923 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# service bluetooth start ubt0\n" "BD_ADDR: 00:02:72:00:d4:1a\n" "Features: 0xff 0xff 0xf 00 00 00 00 00\n" "<3-Slot> <5-Slot> \n" " \n" " \n" " \n" " \n" "Max. ACL packet size: 192 bytes\n" "Number of ACL packets: 8\n" "Max. SCO packet size: 64 bytes\n" "Number of SCO packets: 8\n" msgstr "" "# service bluetooth start ubt0\n" "BD_ADDR: 00:02:72:00:d4:1a\n" "Features: 0xff 0xff 0xf 00 00 00 00 00\n" "<3-Slot> <5-Slot> \n" " \n" " \n" " \n" " \n" "Max. ACL packet size: 192 bytes\n" "Number of ACL packets: 8\n" "Max. SCO packet size: 64 bytes\n" "Number of SCO packets: 8\n" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:925 #, no-wrap msgid "Finding Other Bluetooth Devices" msgstr "Encontrando Otros Dispositivos Bluetooth" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:930 msgid "" "The Host Controller Interface (HCI) provides a uniform method for accessing " "Bluetooth baseband capabilities. In FreeBSD, a netgraph HCI node is created " "for each Bluetooth device. For more details, refer to man:ng_hci[4]." msgstr "" "El Host Controller Interface (HCI) proporciona un método uniforme para " "acceder a las capacidades de la banda base de Bluetooth. En FreeBSD, se crea " "un nodo HCI de netgraph para cada dispositivo Bluetooth. Para más detalles, " "consulta man:ng_hci[4]." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:937 msgid "" "One of the most common tasks is discovery of Bluetooth devices within RF " "proximity. This operation is called _inquiry_. Inquiry and other HCI " "related operations are done using man:hccontrol[8]. The example below shows " "how to find out which Bluetooth devices are in range. The list of devices " "should be displayed in a few seconds. Note that a remote device will only " "answer the inquiry if it is set to _discoverable_ mode." msgstr "" "Una de las tareas más comunes es el descubrimiento de dispositivos Bluetooth " "dentro del rango de proximidad de RF. Esta operación se llama _inquiry_ " "(pregunta). Inquiry y otras operaciones HCI relacionadas se ejecutan con man:" "hccontrol[8]. El ejemplo de abajo muestra cómo encontrar dispositivos " "Bluetooth que están dentro de rango. La lista de dispositivos debería " "mostrarse en unos pocos segundos. Ten en cuenta que un dispositivo remoto " "sólo contestará a la pregunta si está en modo _descubrible_." #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:950 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% hccontrol -n ubt0hci inquiry\n" "Inquiry result, num_responses=1\n" "Inquiry result #0\n" " BD_ADDR: 00:80:37:29:19:a4\n" " Page Scan Rep. Mode: 0x1\n" " Page Scan Period Mode: 00\n" " Page Scan Mode: 00\n" " Class: 52:02:04\n" " Clock offset: 0x78ef\n" "Inquiry complete. Status: No error [00]\n" msgstr "" "% hccontrol -n ubt0hci inquiry\n" "Inquiry result, num_responses=1\n" "Inquiry result #0\n" " BD_ADDR: 00:80:37:29:19:a4\n" " Page Scan Rep. Mode: 0x1\n" " Page Scan Period Mode: 00\n" " Page Scan Mode: 00\n" " Class: 52:02:04\n" " Clock offset: 0x78ef\n" "Inquiry complete. Status: No error [00]\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:956 msgid "" "The `BD_ADDR` is the unique address of a Bluetooth device, similar to the " "MAC address of a network card. This address is needed for further " "communication with a device and it is possible to assign a human readable " "name to a `BD_ADDR`. Information regarding the known Bluetooth hosts is " "contained in [.filename]#/etc/bluetooth/hosts#. The following example shows " "how to obtain the human readable name that was assigned to the remote device:" msgstr "" "`BD_ADDR` es la dirección única de un dispositivo Bluetooth, similar a la " "dirección MAC de una tarjeta de red. Esta dirección es necesaria para la " "comunicación posterior con el dispositivo y es posible asignarle un valor " "que se amigable de leer. Hay información acerca de los hosts Bluetooth " "conocidos en [.filename]#/etc/bluetooth/hosts#. El siguiente ejemplo muestra " "cómo obtener un nombre legible por las personas que ha sido asignado a un " "dispositivo remoto:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:962 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% hccontrol -n ubt0hci remote_name_request 00:80:37:29:19:a4\n" "BD_ADDR: 00:80:37:29:19:a4\n" "Name: Pav's T39\n" msgstr "" "% hccontrol -n ubt0hci remote_name_request 00:80:37:29:19:a4\n" "BD_ADDR: 00:80:37:29:19:a4\n" "Name: Pav's T39\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:966 msgid "" "If an inquiry is performed on a remote Bluetooth device, it will find the " "computer as \"your.host.name (ubt0)\". The name assigned to the local " "device can be changed at any time." msgstr "" "Si se realiza una pregunta a un dispositivo Bluetooth remoto, encontrará tu " "ordenador como \"your.host.name (ubt0)\". El nombre asignado al dispositivo " "local se puede cambiar en cualquier momento." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:969 msgid "" "Remote devices can be assigned aliases in [.filename]#/etc/bluetooth/" "hosts#. More information about [.filename]#/etc/bluetooth/hosts# file might " "be found in man:bluetooth.hosts[5]." msgstr "" "Se puede asignar alias a los dispositivos remotos en [.filename]#/etc/" "bluetooth/hosts#. Se puede encontrar más información acerca de [.filename]#/" "etc/bluetooth/hosts# en man:bluetooth.hosts[5]." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:972 msgid "" "The Bluetooth system provides a point-to-point connection between two " "Bluetooth units, or a point-to-multipoint connection which is shared among " "several Bluetooth devices. The following example shows how to create a " "connection to a remote device:" msgstr "" "El sistema Bluetooth proporciona conexión punto a punto entre dos unidades " "Bluetooth, o punto a multipunto que se comparte entre varios dispositivos " "Bluetooth. El siguiente ejemplo muestra cómo crear una conexión con un " "dispositivo remoto:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:976 #, no-wrap msgid "% hccontrol -n ubt0hci create_connection BT_ADDR\n" msgstr "% hccontrol -n ubt0hci create_connection BT_ADDR\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:979 msgid "" "`create_connection` accepts `BT_ADDR` as well as host aliases in [." "filename]#/etc/bluetooth/hosts#." msgstr "" "`create_connection` acepta `BT_ADDR` así como los alias encontrados en [." "filename]#/etc/bluetooth/hosts#." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:981 msgid "" "The following example shows how to obtain the list of active baseband " "connections for the local device:" msgstr "" "El siguiente ejemplo muestra cómo obtener la lista de conexiones activas en " "la banda base para el dispositivo local:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:987 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% hccontrol -n ubt0hci read_connection_list\n" "Remote BD_ADDR Handle Type Mode Role Encrypt Pending Queue State\n" "00:80:37:29:19:a4 41 ACL 0 MAST NONE 0 0 OPEN\n" msgstr "" "% hccontrol -n ubt0hci read_connection_list\n" "Remote BD_ADDR Handle Type Mode Role Encrypt Pending Queue State\n" "00:80:37:29:19:a4 41 ACL 0 MAST NONE 0 0 OPEN\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:991 msgid "" "A _connection handle_ is useful when termination of the baseband connection " "is required, though it is normally not required to do this by hand. The " "stack will automatically terminate inactive baseband connections." msgstr "" "Un _manejador de conexión_ es útil cuando se requiere la terminación de una " "conexión de la banda base, aunque normalmente no es necesario hacer esto a " "mano. La pila terminará automáticamente las conexiones de banda base " "inactivas." #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:997 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# hccontrol -n ubt0hci disconnect 41\n" "Connection handle: 41\n" "Reason: Connection terminated by local host [0x16]\n" msgstr "" "# hccontrol -n ubt0hci disconnect 41\n" "Connection handle: 41\n" "Reason: Connection terminated by local host [0x16]\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1001 msgid "" "Type `hccontrol help` for a complete listing of available HCI commands. " "Most of the HCI commands do not require superuser privileges." msgstr "" "Teclea `hccontrol help` para obtener un listado completo de los comandos HCI " "disponibles. La mayoría de los comandos HCI no requieren privilegios de " "súper usuario." #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1002 #, no-wrap msgid "Device Pairing" msgstr "Emparejamiento de Dispositivos" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1013 msgid "" "By default, Bluetooth communication is not authenticated, and any device can " "talk to any other device. A Bluetooth device, such as a cellular phone, may " "choose to require authentication to provide a particular service. Bluetooth " "authentication is normally done with a _PIN code_, an ASCII string up to 16 " "characters in length. The user is required to enter the same PIN code on " "both devices. Once the user has entered the PIN code, both devices will " "generate a _link key_. After that, the link key can be stored either in the " "devices or in a persistent storage. Next time, both devices will use the " "previously generated link key. This procedure is called _pairing_. Note " "that if the link key is lost by either device, the pairing must be repeated." msgstr "" "Por defecto, la comunicación Bluetooth no está autenticada, y cualquier " "dispositivo puede hablar con cualquier otro. Un dispositivo Bluetooth, como " "un teléfono móvil, podría decidir requerir autenticación para proporcionar " "un servicio particular. La autenticación Bluetooth se hacer normalmente con " "un _código PIN_, una cadena ASCII de hasta 16 caracteres. Se requiere que el " "usuario introduzca el mismo código PIN en ambos dispositivos. Una vez que el " "usuario ha introducido el código PIN, ambos dispositivos generarán una " "_clave de enlace_. Después de eso, la clave de enlace se puede almacenar en " "los dispositivos o en almacenamiento persistente. La siguiente vez, ambos " "dispositivos utilizarán las claves de enlace generadas previamente. Este " "procedimiento se llama _emparejamiento_. Ten en cuenta que si alguno de los " "dispositivos pierde la clave de enlace, se tiene que repetir el " "emparejamiento." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1017 msgid "" "The man:hcsecd[8] daemon is responsible for handling Bluetooth " "authentication requests. The default configuration file is [.filename]#/etc/" "bluetooth/hcsecd.conf#. An example section for a cellular phone with the " "PIN code set to `1234` is shown below:" msgstr "" "El demonio man:hcsecd[8] es el responsable de manejar las peticiones de " "autenticación Bluetooth. El fichero de configuración por defecto es [." "filename]#/etc/bluetooth/hcsecd.conf#. A continuación se muestra un ejemplo " "de sección para un teléfono móvil con el PIN establecido a `1234`:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1026 #, no-wrap msgid "" "device {\n" " bdaddr 00:80:37:29:19:a4;\n" " name \"Pav's T39\";\n" " key nokey;\n" " pin \"1234\";\n" " }\n" msgstr "" "device {\n" " bdaddr 00:80:37:29:19:a4;\n" " name \"Pav's T39\";\n" " key nokey;\n" " pin \"1234\";\n" " }\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1036 msgid "" "The only limitation on PIN codes is length. Some devices, such as Bluetooth " "headsets, may have a fixed PIN code built in. The `-d` switch forces man:" "hcsecd[8] to stay in the foreground, so it is easy to see what is " "happening. Set the remote device to receive pairing and initiate the " "Bluetooth connection to the remote device. The remote device should " "indicate that pairing was accepted and request the PIN code. Enter the same " "PIN code listed in [.filename]#hcsecd.conf#. Now the computer and the " "remote device are paired. Alternatively, pairing can be initiated on the " "remote device." msgstr "" "La única limitación de los códigos PIN es la longitud. Algunos dispositivos, " "como los auriculares Bluetooth, podrían tener un código PIN fijo de fábrica. " "La opción `-d` fuerza a man:hcsecd[8] a permanecer en primer plano, de forma " "que es fácil ver lo que está pasando. Establece el dispositivo remoto para " "que reciba emparejamientos e inicia la conexión Bluetooth con el dispositivo " "remoto. El dispositivo remoto debería indicar que el emparejamiento ha sido " "aceptado y solicitar el código PIN. Introduce el mismo código PIN listado en " "[.filename]#hcsecd.conf#. Ahora el ordenador y el dispositivo remoto están " "emparejados. De forma alternativa, el emparejamiento puede ser iniciado por " "el dispositivo remoto." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1038 msgid "" "The following line can be added to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# to configure " "man:hcsecd[8] to start automatically on system start:" msgstr "" "Se puede añadir la siguiente línea a [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# para " "configurar que man:hcsecd[8] arranque automáticamente cuando se inicia el " "sistema:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1042 #, no-wrap msgid "hcsecd_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "hcsecd_enable=\"YES\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1045 msgid "The following is a sample of the man:hcsecd[8] daemon output:" msgstr "Lo siguiente es una muestra de la salida del demonio man:hcsecd[8]:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1054 #, no-wrap msgid "" "hcsecd[16484]: Got Link_Key_Request event from 'ubt0hci', remote bdaddr 0:80:37:29:19:a4\n" "hcsecd[16484]: Found matching entry, remote bdaddr 0:80:37:29:19:a4, name 'Pav's T39', link key doesn't exist\n" "hcsecd[16484]: Sending Link_Key_Negative_Reply to 'ubt0hci' for remote bdaddr 0:80:37:29:19:a4\n" "hcsecd[16484]: Got PIN_Code_Request event from 'ubt0hci', remote bdaddr 0:80:37:29:19:a4\n" "hcsecd[16484]: Found matching entry, remote bdaddr 0:80:37:29:19:a4, name 'Pav's T39', PIN code exists\n" "hcsecd[16484]: Sending PIN_Code_Reply to 'ubt0hci' for remote bdaddr 0:80:37:29:19:a4\n" msgstr "" "hcsecd[16484]: Got Link_Key_Request event from 'ubt0hci', remote bdaddr 0:80:37:29:19:a4\n" "hcsecd[16484]: Found matching entry, remote bdaddr 0:80:37:29:19:a4, name 'Pav's T39', link key doesn't exist\n" "hcsecd[16484]: Sending Link_Key_Negative_Reply to 'ubt0hci' for remote bdaddr 0:80:37:29:19:a4\n" "hcsecd[16484]: Got PIN_Code_Request event from 'ubt0hci', remote bdaddr 0:80:37:29:19:a4\n" "hcsecd[16484]: Found matching entry, remote bdaddr 0:80:37:29:19:a4, name 'Pav's T39', PIN code exists\n" "hcsecd[16484]: Sending PIN_Code_Reply to 'ubt0hci' for remote bdaddr 0:80:37:29:19:a4\n" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1056 #, no-wrap msgid "Network Access with PPP Profiles" msgstr "Acceso a la Red con Perfiles PPP" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1060 msgid "" "A Dial-Up Networking (DUN) profile can be used to configure a cellular phone " "as a wireless modem for connecting to a dial-up Internet access server. It " "can also be used to configure a computer to receive data calls from a " "cellular phone." msgstr "" "Es posible utilizar un perfil DUN (Dial-Up Networking) para configurar un " "teléfono móvil como un módem inalámbrico para conectarse a un servidor de " "acceso a Internet. También se puede utilizar para configurar un ordenador " "para recibir llamadas de datos desde un teléfono móvil." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1063 msgid "" "Network access with a PPP profile can be used to provide LAN access for a " "single Bluetooth device or multiple Bluetooth devices. It can also provide " "PC to PC connection using PPP networking over serial cable emulation." msgstr "" "Se puede usar el acceso a la red mediante un perfil PPP para proporcionar " "acceso LAN para uno o varios dispositivos Bluetooth. También puede " "proporcionar conexión PC a PC usando PPP sobre emulación de cable serie." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1067 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, these profiles are implemented with man:ppp[8] and the man:" "rfcomm_pppd[8] wrapper which converts a Bluetooth connection into something " "PPP can use. Before a profile can be used, a new PPP label must be created " "in [.filename]#/etc/ppp/ppp.conf#. Consult man:rfcomm_pppd[8] for examples." msgstr "" "En FreeBSD, estos perfiles se implementan con man:ppp[8] y el adaptador man:" "rfcomm_pppd[8] que convierte la conexión Bluetooth en algo que PPP puede " "usar. Antes de que se pueda usar el perfile, se debe crear una nueva " "etiqueta PPP en [.filename]#/etc/ppp/ppp.conf#. Consulta man:rfcomm_pppd[8] " "para ver ejemplos." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1069 msgid "" "In this example, man:rfcomm_pppd[8] is used to open a connection to a remote " "device with a `BD_ADDR` of `00:80:37:29:19:a4` on a DUNRFCOMM channel:" msgstr "" "En este ejemplo, se usa man:rfcomm_pppd[8] para abrir una conexión con un " "dispositivo remoto con un `BD_ADDR` de `00:80:37:29:19:a4` en un canal " "DUNRFCOMM:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1073 #, no-wrap msgid "# rfcomm_pppd -a 00:80:37:29:19:a4 -c -C dun -l rfcomm-dialup\n" msgstr "# rfcomm_pppd -a 00:80:37:29:19:a4 -c -C dun -l rfcomm-dialup\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1078 msgid "" "The actual channel number will be obtained from the remote device using the " "SDP protocol. It is possible to specify the RFCOMM channel by hand, and in " "this case man:rfcomm_pppd[8] will not perform the SDP query. Use man:" "sdpcontrol[8] to find out the RFCOMM channel on the remote device." msgstr "" "El número de canal real se obtendrá del dispositivo remoto usando el " "protocolo SDP. Es posible especificar el canal RFCOMM a mano, y en este caso " "man:rfcomm_pppd[8] no realizará la consulta SDP. Usa man:sdpcontrol[8] para " "averiguar el canal RFCOMM en el dispositivo remoto." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1084 msgid "" "In order to provide network access with the PPPLAN service, man:sdpd[8] must " "be running and a new entry for LAN clients must be created in [.filename]#/" "etc/ppp/ppp.conf#. Consult man:rfcomm_pppd[8] for examples. Finally, start " "the RFCOMMPPP server on a valid RFCOMM channel number. The RFCOMMPPP server " "will automatically register the Bluetooth LAN service with the local SDP " "daemon. The example below shows how to start the RFCOMMPPP server." msgstr "" "Para proporcionar acceso a la red con el servicio PPPLAN, se debe estar " "ejecutando man:sdpd[8] y se tienen que crear una nueva entrada para clientes " "LAN en [.filename]#/etc/ppp/ppp.conf#. Consulta man:rfcomm_pppd[8] para ver " "ejemplos. Finalmente, arrancar el servidor RFCOMMPPP en un número de canal " "RFCOMM válido. El servidor RFCOMMPPP registrará automáticamente el servicio " "LAN Bluetooth con el demonio SDP local. El ejemplo de abajo muestra cómo " "arrancar el servidor RFCOMMPPP." #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1088 #, no-wrap msgid "# rfcomm_pppd -s -C 7 -l rfcomm-server\n" msgstr "# rfcomm_pppd -s -C 7 -l rfcomm-server\n" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1090 #, no-wrap msgid "Bluetooth Protocols" msgstr "Protocolos Bluetooth" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1093 msgid "" "This section provides an overview of the various Bluetooth protocols, their " "function, and associated utilities." msgstr "" "Esta sección proporciona un resumen de varios protocolos Bluetooth, sus " "funciones, y sus utilidades asociadas." #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1094 #, no-wrap msgid "Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)" msgstr "Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1098 msgid "" "The Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) provides connection-" "oriented and connectionless data services to upper layer protocols. L2CAP " "permits higher level protocols and applications to transmit and receive " "L2CAP data packets up to 64 kilobytes in length." msgstr "" "El Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) proporciona " "servicios de datos orientados a conexión así como no orientados a conexión a " "los protocolos de las capas superiores. L2CAP permite a los protocolos y " "aplicaciones de niveles más altos transmitir y recibir paquetes de datos " "L2CAP de hasta 64 kilobytes de longitud." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1104 msgid "" "L2CAP is based around the concept of _channels_. A channel is a logical " "connection on top of a baseband connection, where each channel is bound to a " "single protocol in a many-to-one fashion. Multiple channels can be bound to " "the same protocol, but a channel cannot be bound to multiple protocols. " "Each L2CAP packet received on a channel is directed to the appropriate " "higher level protocol. Multiple channels can share the same baseband " "connection." msgstr "" "L2CAP se basa en el concepto de _canales_. Un canal es una conexión lógica " "construida sobre una conexión de banda base, donde cada canal está asociado " "a un sólo protocolo en una forma muchos-a-uno. Se pueden asociar múltiples " "canales al mismo protocolo, pero un canal no se puede asociar a múltiples " "protocolos. Cada paquete L2CAP recibido en un canal es redirigido al " "protocolo de nivel superior apropiado. Varios canales pueden compartir la " "misma conexión de banda base." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1109 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, a netgraph L2CAP node is created for each Bluetooth device. " "This node is normally connected to the downstream Bluetooth HCI node and " "upstream Bluetooth socket nodes. The default name for the L2CAP node is " "\"devicel2cap\". For more details refer to man:ng_l2cap[4]." msgstr "" "En FreeBSD, se crear un nodo L2CAP de netgraph para cada dispositivo " "Bluetooth. Este nodo normalmente se conecta con el nodo HCI Bluetooth " "inferior y los nodos socket Bluetooth superiores. El nombre por defecto para " "el nodo L2CAP es \"devicel2cap\". Para más detalles consulta man:ng_l2cap[4]." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1112 msgid "" "A useful command is man:l2ping[8], which can be used to ping other devices. " "Some Bluetooth implementations might not return all of the data sent to " "them, so `0 bytes` in the following example is normal." msgstr "" "Un comando útil es man:l2ping[8], que puede ser usado para hacer ping a " "otros dispositivos. Algunas implementaciones Bluetooth podrían no devolver " "todos los datos que se les envía, de forma que los `0 bytes` en el siguiente " "ejemplo es algo normal." #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1120 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# l2ping -a 00:80:37:29:19:a4\n" "0 bytes from 0:80:37:29:19:a4 seq_no=0 time=48.633 ms result=0\n" "0 bytes from 0:80:37:29:19:a4 seq_no=1 time=37.551 ms result=0\n" "0 bytes from 0:80:37:29:19:a4 seq_no=2 time=28.324 ms result=0\n" "0 bytes from 0:80:37:29:19:a4 seq_no=3 time=46.150 ms result=0\n" msgstr "" "# l2ping -a 00:80:37:29:19:a4\n" "0 bytes from 0:80:37:29:19:a4 seq_no=0 time=48.633 ms result=0\n" "0 bytes from 0:80:37:29:19:a4 seq_no=1 time=37.551 ms result=0\n" "0 bytes from 0:80:37:29:19:a4 seq_no=2 time=28.324 ms result=0\n" "0 bytes from 0:80:37:29:19:a4 seq_no=3 time=46.150 ms result=0\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1124 msgid "" "The man:l2control[8] utility is used to perform various operations on L2CAP " "nodes. This example shows how to obtain the list of logical connections " "(channels) and the list of baseband connections for the local device:" msgstr "" "La utilidad man:l2control[8] se utiliza para realizar varias operaciones " "sobre los nodos L2CAP. Este ejemplo muestra cómo obtener la lista de " "conexiones lógicas (canales) y la lista de conexiones de banda base para el " "dispositivo local:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1135 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% l2control -a 00:02:72:00:d4:1a read_channel_list\n" "L2CAP channels:\n" "Remote BD_ADDR SCID/ DCID PSM IMTU/ OMTU State\n" "00:07:e0:00:0b:ca 66/ 64 3 132/ 672 OPEN\n" "% l2control -a 00:02:72:00:d4:1a read_connection_list\n" "L2CAP connections:\n" "Remote BD_ADDR Handle Flags Pending State\n" "00:07:e0:00:0b:ca 41 O 0 OPEN\n" msgstr "" "% l2control -a 00:02:72:00:d4:1a read_channel_list\n" "L2CAP channels:\n" "Remote BD_ADDR SCID/ DCID PSM IMTU/ OMTU State\n" "00:07:e0:00:0b:ca 66/ 64 3 132/ 672 OPEN\n" "% l2control -a 00:02:72:00:d4:1a read_connection_list\n" "L2CAP connections:\n" "Remote BD_ADDR Handle Flags Pending State\n" "00:07:e0:00:0b:ca 41 O 0 OPEN\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1140 msgid "" "Another diagnostic tool is man:btsockstat[1]. It is similar to man:" "netstat[1], but for Bluetooth network-related data structures. The example " "below shows the same logical connection as man:l2control[8] above." msgstr "" "Otra herramienta de diagnóstico es man:btsockstat[1]. Es similar a man:" "netstat[1], pero para estructuras de datos de red Bluetooth. El ejemplo de " "abajo muestra la misma conexión lógica como man:l2control[8] arriba." #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1153 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% btsockstat\n" "Active L2CAP sockets\n" "PCB Recv-Q Send-Q Local address/PSM Foreign address CID State\n" "c2afe900 0 0 00:02:72:00:d4:1a/3 00:07:e0:00:0b:ca 66 OPEN\n" "Active RFCOMM sessions\n" "L2PCB PCB Flag MTU Out-Q DLCs State\n" "c2afe900 c2b53380 1 127 0 Yes OPEN\n" "Active RFCOMM sockets\n" "PCB Recv-Q Send-Q Local address Foreign address Chan DLCI State\n" "c2e8bc80 0 250 00:02:72:00:d4:1a 00:07:e0:00:0b:ca 3 6 OPEN\n" msgstr "" "% btsockstat\n" "Active L2CAP sockets\n" "PCB Recv-Q Send-Q Local address/PSM Foreign address CID State\n" "c2afe900 0 0 00:02:72:00:d4:1a/3 00:07:e0:00:0b:ca 66 OPEN\n" "Active RFCOMM sessions\n" "L2PCB PCB Flag MTU Out-Q DLCs State\n" "c2afe900 c2b53380 1 127 0 Yes OPEN\n" "Active RFCOMM sockets\n" "PCB Recv-Q Send-Q Local address Foreign address Chan DLCI State\n" "c2e8bc80 0 250 00:02:72:00:d4:1a 00:07:e0:00:0b:ca 3 6 OPEN\n" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1155 #, no-wrap msgid "Radio Frequency Communication (RFCOMM)" msgstr "Comunicación por Radio Frecuencia (RFCOMM)" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1160 msgid "" "The RFCOMM protocol provides emulation of serial ports over the L2CAP " "protocol. RFCOMM is a simple transport protocol, with additional provisions " "for emulating the 9 circuits of RS-232 (EIATIA-232-E) serial ports. It " "supports up to 60 simultaneous connections (RFCOMM channels) between two " "Bluetooth devices." msgstr "" "El protocolo RFCOMM proporciona emulación de puertos serie sobre el " "protocolo L2CAP. RFCOMM es un protocolo de transporte simple, con soporte " "adicional para emular los 9 circuitos de los puertos serie RS-2332 " "(EIATIA-232-E). Soporta hasta 60 conexiones simultáneas (canales RFCOMM) " "entre dos dispositivos Bluetooth." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1164 msgid "" "For the purposes of RFCOMM, a complete communication path involves two " "applications running on the communication endpoints with a communication " "segment between them. RFCOMM is intended to cover applications that make " "use of the serial ports of the devices in which they reside. The " "communication segment is a direct connect Bluetooth link from one device to " "another." msgstr "" "Para los propósitos de RFCOMM, un camino de comunicación completo incluye " "dos aplicaciones ejecutándose en los extremos de la comunicación con un " "segmento de comunicación entre ellos. RFCOMM está pensado para cubrir " "aplicaciones que hace uso de los puertos serie de los dispositivos en los " "que se encuentra. El segmento de comunicación es una enlace de conexión " "Bluetooth directa desde un dispositivo a otro." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1167 msgid "" "RFCOMM is only concerned with the connection between the devices in the " "direct connect case, or between the device and a modem in the network case. " "RFCOMM can support other configurations, such as modules that communicate " "via Bluetooth wireless technology on one side and provide a wired interface " "on the other side." msgstr "" "RFCOMM sólo se preocupa de la conexión entre los dispositivos en el caso de " "una conexión directa, o entre un dispositivo y un módem en el caso de red. " "RFCOMM puede soportar otras configuraciones, como módulos que se comunican " "vía tecnología inalámbrica Bluetooth en un lado y proporciona un interfaz " "por cable en el otro lado." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1169 msgid "In FreeBSD, RFCOMM is implemented at the Bluetooth sockets layer." msgstr "En FreeBSD, RFCOMM está implementado en la capa de sockets Bluetooth." #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1170 #, no-wrap msgid "Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)" msgstr "Protocolo de Descubrimiento de Servicios (SDP)" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1174 msgid "" "The Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) provides the means for client " "applications to discover the existence of services provided by server " "applications as well as the attributes of those services. The attributes of " "a service include the type or class of service offered and the mechanism or " "protocol information needed to utilize the service." msgstr "" "El Protocolo de Descubrimiento de Servicios (SDP) proporciona los medios " "para que las aplicaciones cliente descubran la existencia de servicios " "proporcionados por aplicaciones servidoras así como los atributos de dichos " "servicios. Los atributos de un servicio incluyen el tipo o clase del " "servicio ofrecido y el mecanismo o protocolo de información necesario para " "utilizarlo." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1181 msgid "" "SDP involves communication between a SDP server and a SDP client. The " "server maintains a list of service records that describe the characteristics " "of services associated with the server. Each service record contains " "information about a single service. A client may retrieve information from " "a service record maintained by the SDP server by issuing a SDP request. If " "the client, or an application associated with the client, decides to use a " "service, it must open a separate connection to the service provider in order " "to utilize the service. SDP provides a mechanism for discovering services " "and their attributes, but it does not provide a mechanism for utilizing " "those services." msgstr "" "SDP incluye comunicación entre un servidor SDP y un cliente SDP. El servidor " "mantiene una lista de registros de servicio que describe las características " "de los servicios asociados con el servidor. Cada registro de servicio " "contiene información acerca de un único servicio. Un cliente puede recuperar " "información de un registro de servicio mantenido por el servidor SDP " "realizando una petición SDP. Si el cliente, o una aplicación asociada con el " "cliente, decide usar un servicio, debe abrir una conexión separada con el " "proveedor del servicio para poder utilizarlo. SDP proporciona un mecanismo " "para descubrir servicios y sus atributos, pero no proporciona un mecanismo " "para utilizar esos servicios." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1185 msgid "" "Normally, a SDP client searches for services based on some desired " "characteristics of the services. However, there are times when it is " "desirable to discover which types of services are described by an SDP " "server's service records without any prior information about the services. " "This process of looking for any offered services is called _browsing_." msgstr "" "Normalmente, un cliente SDP busca servicios basándose en alguna " "característica deseada de los servicios. Sin embargo, a veces es preferible " "descubrir qué tipos de servicios están descritos por los registros de " "servicio de un servidor SDP sin ninguna información previa acerca de los " "servicios. Este proceso de buscar cualquier servicio ofrecido se llama " "_navegación_ (browsing)." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1188 msgid "" "The Bluetooth SDP server, man:sdpd[8], and command line client, man:" "sdpcontrol[8], are included in the standard FreeBSD installation. The " "following example shows how to perform a SDP browse query." msgstr "" "El servidor SDP Bluetooth, man:sdpd[8], y cliente en línea de comando, man:" "sdpcontrol[8], están incluidos en la instalación estándar de FreeBSD. El " "siguiente ejemplo muestra cómo realizar una petición de navegación SDP." #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1199 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% sdpcontrol -a 00:01:03:fc:6e:ec browse\n" "Record Handle: 00000000\n" "Service Class ID List:\n" " Service Discovery Server (0x1000)\n" "Protocol Descriptor List:\n" " L2CAP (0x0100)\n" " Protocol specific parameter #1: u/int/uuid16 1\n" " Protocol specific parameter #2: u/int/uuid16 1\n" msgstr "" "% sdpcontrol -a 00:01:03:fc:6e:ec browse\n" "Record Handle: 00000000\n" "Service Class ID List:\n" " Service Discovery Server (0x1000)\n" "Protocol Descriptor List:\n" " L2CAP (0x0100)\n" " Protocol specific parameter #1: u/int/uuid16 1\n" " Protocol specific parameter #2: u/int/uuid16 1\n" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1203 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Record Handle: 0x00000001\n" "Service Class ID List:\n" " Browse Group Descriptor (0x1001)\n" msgstr "" "Record Handle: 0x00000001\n" "Service Class ID List:\n" " Browse Group Descriptor (0x1001)\n" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1213 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Record Handle: 0x00000002\n" "Service Class ID List:\n" " LAN Access Using PPP (0x1102)\n" "Protocol Descriptor List:\n" " L2CAP (0x0100)\n" " RFCOMM (0x0003)\n" " Protocol specific parameter #1: u/int8/bool 1\n" "Bluetooth Profile Descriptor List:\n" " LAN Access Using PPP (0x1102) ver. 1.0\n" msgstr "" "Record Handle: 0x00000002\n" "Service Class ID List:\n" " LAN Access Using PPP (0x1102)\n" "Protocol Descriptor List:\n" " L2CAP (0x0100)\n" " RFCOMM (0x0003)\n" " Protocol specific parameter #1: u/int8/bool 1\n" "Bluetooth Profile Descriptor List:\n" " LAN Access Using PPP (0x1102) ver. 1.0\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1220 msgid "" "Note that each service has a list of attributes, such as the RFCOMM " "channel. Depending on the service, the user might need to make note of some " "of the attributes. Some Bluetooth implementations do not support service " "browsing and may return an empty list. In this case, it is possible to " "search for the specific service. The example below shows how to search for " "the OBEX Object Push (OPUSH) service:" msgstr "" "Ten en cuenta que cada servicio tiene una lista de atributos, como el canal " "RFCOMM. Dependiendo del servicio, el usuario podría necesitar anotar algunos " "de los atributos. Algunas implementaciones de Bluetooth no soportan la " "navegación de servicios y podrían devolver una lista vacía. En este caso, es " "posible buscar un servicio específico. El ejemplo inferior muestra cómo " "buscar el servicio OBEX Object Push (OPUSH):" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1224 #, no-wrap msgid "% sdpcontrol -a 00:01:03:fc:6e:ec search OPUSH\n" msgstr "% sdpcontrol -a 00:01:03:fc:6e:ec search OPUSH\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1228 msgid "" "Offering services on FreeBSD to Bluetooth clients is done with the man:" "sdpd[8] server. The following line can be added to [.filename]#/etc/rc." "conf#:" msgstr "" "Ofrecer servicios de FreeBSD a clientes Bluetooth se hace con el servidor " "man:sdpd[8]. Se puede añadir la siguiente línea a [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1232 #, no-wrap msgid "sdpd_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "sdpd_enable=\"YES\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1235 msgid "Then the man:sdpd[8] daemon can be started with:" msgstr "El demonio man:sdpd[8] se puede arrancar con:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1239 #, no-wrap msgid "# service sdpd start\n" msgstr "# service sdpd start\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1244 msgid "" "The local server application that wants to provide a Bluetooth service to " "remote clients will register the service with the local SDP daemon. An " "example of such an application is man:rfcomm_pppd[8]. Once started, it will " "register the Bluetooth LAN service with the local SDP daemon." msgstr "" "La aplicación servidora local que quiera proporcionar un servicio Bluetooth " "a clientes remotos registrará el servicio en el demonio SDP local. Un " "ejemplo de dicha aplicación es man:rfcomm_pppd[8]. Una vez iniciado, " "registrará el servicio LAN Bluetooth con el demonio local SDP." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1246 msgid "" "The list of services registered with the local SDP server can be obtained by " "issuing a SDP browse query via the local control channel:" msgstr "" "Se puede obtener la lista de servicios registrados en el servidor SDP local " "realizando una petición de navegación SDP mediante el canal de control local:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1250 #, no-wrap msgid "# sdpcontrol -l browse\n" msgstr "# sdpcontrol -l browse\n" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1252 #, no-wrap msgid "OBEX Object Push (OPUSH)" msgstr "OBEX Object Push (OPUSH)" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1256 msgid "" "Object Exchange (OBEX) is a widely used protocol for simple file transfers " "between mobile devices. Its main use is in infrared communication, where it " "is used for generic file transfers between notebooks or PDAs, and for " "sending business cards or calendar entries between cellular phones and other " "devices with Personal Information Manager (PIM) applications." msgstr "" "Object Exchange (OBEX) es un protocolo ampliamente utilizado para " "transferencias de ficheros sencillas entre dispositivos móviles. Su " "principal uso está en la comunicación infrarroja, donde se usa para " "transferencias de ficheros genéricas entre portátiles o PDAs, y para enviar " "tarjetas de negocios o entradas de calendario entre teléfonos móviles y " "otros dispositivos con aplicaciones PIM (Personal Information Manager)." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1258 msgid "" "The OBEX server and client are implemented by obexapp, which can be " "installed using the package:comms/obexapp[] package or port." msgstr "" "El servidor y cliente OBEX están implementados por obexapp, que se pude " "instalar usando el paquete o port package:comms/obexapp[]." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1266 msgid "" "The OBEX client is used to push and/or pull objects from the OBEX server. " "An example object is a business card or an appointment. The OBEX client can " "obtain the RFCOMM channel number from the remote device via SDP. This can " "be done by specifying the service name instead of the RFCOMM channel " "number. Supported service names are: `IrMC`, `FTRN`, and `OPUSH`. It is " "also possible to specify the RFCOMM channel as a number. Below is an " "example of an OBEX session where the device information object is pulled " "from the cellular phone, and a new object, the business card, is pushed into " "the phone's directory." msgstr "" "El cliente OBEX es utilizado para subir y/o bajar objetos del servidor OBEX. " "Un objeto de ejemplo es una tarjeta de negocio o una cita. El cliente OBEX " "puede obtener el número de canal RFCOMM del dispositivo remoto vía SDP. Esto " "se puede hacer especificando el nombre del servicio en lugar del número de " "canal RFCOMM. Los nombres de servicios soportados son: `IrMC`, `FTRN`, y " "`OPUSH`. También es posible especificar el canal RFCOMM como un número. " "Abajo hay un ejemplo de una sesión OBEX donde el objeto de información del " "dispositivo se descarga desde un teléfono móvil, y un nuevo objeto, la " "tarjeta de negocio, se sube al directorio del teléfono." #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1276 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% obexapp -a 00:80:37:29:19:a4 -C IrMC\n" "obex> get telecom/devinfo.txt devinfo-t39.txt\n" "Success, response: OK, Success (0x20)\n" "obex> put new.vcf\n" "Success, response: OK, Success (0x20)\n" "obex> di\n" "Success, response: OK, Success (0x20)\n" msgstr "" "% obexapp -a 00:80:37:29:19:a4 -C IrMC\n" "obex> get telecom/devinfo.txt devinfo-t39.txt\n" "Success, response: OK, Success (0x20)\n" "obex> put new.vcf\n" "Success, response: OK, Success (0x20)\n" "obex> di\n" "Success, response: OK, Success (0x20)\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1283 msgid "" "In order to provide the OPUSH service, man:sdpd[8] must be running and a " "root folder, where all incoming objects will be stored, must be created. " "The default path to the root folder is [.filename]#/var/spool/obex#. " "Finally, start the OBEX server on a valid RFCOMM channel number. The OBEX " "server will automatically register the OPUSH service with the local SDP " "daemon. The example below shows how to start the OBEX server." msgstr "" "Para proporcionar el servicio OPUSH, man:sdpd[8] debe estar en ejecución y " "se debe crear una carpeta raíz donde se almacenarán todos los objetos " "recibidos. La ruta por defecto de la carpeta raíz es [.filename]#/var/spool/" "obex#. Por último, inicia el servidor OBEX en un número de canal RFCOMM " "válido. El servidor OBEX registrará automáticamente el servicio OPUSH con el " "demonio SDP local. El ejemplo de abajo muestra cómo iniciar el servidor OBEX." #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1287 #, no-wrap msgid "# obexapp -s -C 10\n" msgstr "# obexapp -s -C 10\n" #. type: Title ==== #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1289 #, no-wrap msgid "Serial Port Profile (SPP)" msgstr "Perfil de Puerto Serie (SPP)" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1293 msgid "" "The Serial Port Profile (SPP) allows Bluetooth devices to perform serial " "cable emulation. This profile allows legacy applications to use Bluetooth " "as a cable replacement, through a virtual serial port abstraction." msgstr "" "El Perfil de Puerto Serie (SPP) permite a los dispositivos Bluetooth " "realizar emulación de cable serie. Este perfile permite a aplicaciones " "heredadas utilizar Bluetooth como un sustituto del cable, a través de una " "abstracción de puerto serie." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1298 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, man:rfcomm_sppd[1] implements SPP and a pseudo tty is used as a " "virtual serial port abstraction. The example below shows how to connect to " "a remote device's serial port service. A RFCOMM channel does not have to be " "specified as man:rfcomm_sppd[1] can obtain it from the remote device via " "SDP. To override this, specify a RFCOMM channel on the command line." msgstr "" "En FreeBSD, man:rfcomm_sppd[1] implementa SPP y un pseudo tty es usado como " "abstracción de puerto serie virtual. El ejemplo de abajo muestra cómo " "conectarse al servicio de puerto serie de un dispositivo remoto. No se tiene " "que especificar un canal RFCOMM ya que man:rfcomm_sppd[1] puede obtenerlo " "del dispositivo remoto vía SDP. Para cambiar esto, especifica un canal " "RFCOMM en la línea de comando." #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1304 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# rfcomm_sppd -a 00:07:E0:00:0B:CA -t\n" "rfcomm_sppd[94692]: Starting on /dev/pts/6...\n" "/dev/pts/6\n" msgstr "" "# rfcomm_sppd -a 00:07:E0:00:0B:CA -t\n" "rfcomm_sppd[94692]: Starting on /dev/pts/6...\n" "/dev/pts/6\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1307 msgid "Once connected, the pseudo tty can be used as serial port:" msgstr "Una vez conectado, el pseudo tty puede ser usado como un puerto serie:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1311 #, no-wrap msgid "# cu -l /dev/pts/6\n" msgstr "# cu -l /dev/pts/6\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1314 msgid "The pseudo tty is printed on stdout and can be read by wrapper scripts:" msgstr "El pseudo tty se imprime en stdout y se puede leer mediante scripts:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1319 #, no-wrap msgid "" "PTS=`rfcomm_sppd -a 00:07:E0:00:0B:CA -t`\n" "cu -l $PTS\n" msgstr "" "PTS=`rfcomm_sppd -a 00:07:E0:00:0B:CA -t`\n" "cu -l $PTS\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1327 msgid "" "By default, when FreeBSD is accepting a new connection, it tries to perform " "a role switch and become master. Some older Bluetooth devices which do not " "support role switching will not be able to connect. Since role switching is " "performed when a new connection is being established, it is not possible to " "ask the remote device if it supports role switching. However, there is a " "HCI option to disable role switching on the local side:" msgstr "" "Por defecto, cuando FreeBSD está aceptando una nueva conexión, intenta " "realizar un cambio de roles y convertirse en maestro. Algunos dispositivos " "Bluetooth más antiguos que no soportan el cambio de roles no serán capaces " "de conectar. Puesto que el cambio de roles se realiza cuando se establece " "una nueva conexión, no es posible preguntar al dispositivo remoto si soporta " "el cambio de roles. Sin embargo, hay una opción HCI para deshabilitar el " "intercambio de roles en el lado local:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1331 #, no-wrap msgid "# hccontrol -n ubt0hci write_node_role_switch 0\n" msgstr "# hccontrol -n ubt0hci write_node_role_switch 0\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1335 msgid "" "To display Bluetooth packets, use the third-party package hcidump, which can " "be installed using the package:comms/hcidump[] package or port. This " "utility is similar to man:tcpdump[1] and can be used to display the contents " "of Bluetooth packets on the terminal and to dump the Bluetooth packets to a " "file." msgstr "" "Para mostrar paquetes Bluetooht, usa el paquete de terceros hcidump, que se " "puede instalar mediante el paquete o port package:comms/hcidump[]. Esta " "utilidad es similar a man:tcpdump[1] y se puede usar para mostrar el " "contenido de los paquetes Bluetooth en el terminal y para volcarlos a un " "fichero." #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1337 #, no-wrap msgid "Bridging" msgstr "Bridging" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1341 msgid "" "It is sometimes useful to divide a network, such as an Ethernet segment, " "into network segments without having to create IP subnets and use a router " "to connect the segments together. A device that connects two networks " "together in this fashion is called a \"bridge\"." msgstr "" "A veces es útil dividir una red, como un segmento Ethernet, en segmentos de " "red sin tener que crear subredes IP y utilizar un router para conectar los " "segmentos entre ellos. Un dispositivo que conecta dos redes juntas de esta " "forma se llama \"bridge\"." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1346 msgid "" "A bridge works by learning the MAC addresses of the devices on each of its " "network interfaces. It forwards traffic between networks only when the " "source and destination MAC addresses are on different networks. In many " "respects, a bridge is like an Ethernet switch with very few ports. A " "FreeBSD system with multiple network interfaces can be configured to act as " "a bridge." msgstr "" "Un bridge funciona aprendiendo las direcciones MAC de los dispositivos en " "cada una de sus interfaces de red. Reenvía tráfico entre las redes sólo " "cuando las direcciones de origen y destino están en diferentes redes. En " "muchos aspectos, un bridge es como un switch Ethernet con muy pocos puertos. " "Un sistema FreeBSD como varias interfaces de red puede ser configurado para " "funcionar como un bridge." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1348 msgid "Bridging can be useful in the following situations:" msgstr "Un bridge puede ser útil en las siguientes situaciones:" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1349 #, no-wrap msgid "Connecting Networks" msgstr "Conectar Redes" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1353 msgid "" "The basic operation of a bridge is to join two or more network segments. " "There are many reasons to use a host-based bridge instead of networking " "equipment, such as cabling constraints or firewalling. A bridge can also " "connect a wireless interface running in hostap mode to a wired network and " "act as an access point." msgstr "" "La operación básica de un bridge es juntar dos o más segmentos de red. Hay " "muchas razones para usar un bridge basado en host en lugar de un " "equipamiento de red, como restricciones en el cableado o los firewalls. Un " "bridge también puede conectar una interfaz inalámbrica funcionando en modo " "hostap con una red cableada y actuar como punto de acceso." #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1354 #, no-wrap msgid "Filtering/Traffic Shaping Firewall" msgstr "Filtrado/Firewall the Modelado de Tráfico" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1356 msgid "" "A bridge can be used when firewall functionality is needed without routing " "or Network Address Translation (NAT)." msgstr "" "Se puede usar un bridge cuando se necesita funcionalidad de firewall sin " "enrutado o traducciones de direcciones de red (NAT, Network Address " "Translation)." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1361 msgid "" "An example is a small company that is connected via DSL or ISDN to an ISP. " "There are thirteen public IP addresses from the ISP and ten computers on the " "network. In this situation, using a router-based firewall is difficult " "because of subnetting issues. A bridge-based firewall can be configured " "without any IP addressing issues." msgstr "" "Un ejemplo es una pequeña compañía que está conectada a un ISP mediante DSL " "o ISDN. Hay trece direcciones IP públicas del ISP y diez ordenadores en la " "red. En esta situación, usar un firewall basado en un router es difícil por " "problemas con las subredes. Un firewall basado en bridge se puede configurar " "sin ningún problema con las direcciones IP." #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1362 #, no-wrap msgid "Network Tap" msgstr "Network Tap" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1364 msgid "" "A bridge can join two network segments in order to inspect all Ethernet " "frames that pass between them using man:bpf[4] and man:tcpdump[1] on the " "bridge interface, or by sending a copy of all frames out on an additional " "interface known as a span port." msgstr "" "Un bridge puede unir dos segmentos de red para inspeccionar todas las tramas " "Ethernet que pasan entre ellos usando man:bpf[4] y man:tcpdump[1] en la " "interfaz bridge, o enviando una copia de todas las tramas hacia un interfaz " "adicional conocido como un puerto span." #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1365 #, no-wrap msgid "Layer 2 VPN" msgstr "VPN en la Capa 2" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1367 msgid "" "Two Ethernet networks can be joined across an IP link by bridging the " "networks to an EtherIP tunnel or a man:tap[4] based solution such as OpenVPN." msgstr "" "Dos redes Ethernet se pueden unir mediante un enlace IP uniendo las redes a " "un túnel EtherIP o a una solución basada en man:tap[4] como OpenVPN." #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1368 #, no-wrap msgid "Layer 2 Redundancy" msgstr "Redundancia en la Capa 2" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1370 msgid "" "A network can be connected together with multiple links and use the Spanning " "Tree Protocol (STP) to block redundant paths." msgstr "" "Una red puede estar conectada con múltiples enlaces y usar el Spanning Tree " "Protocol (STP) para bloquear caminos redundantes." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1373 msgid "" "This section describes how to configure a FreeBSD system as a bridge using " "man:if_bridge[4]. A netgraph bridging driver is also available, and is " "described in man:ng_bridge[4]." msgstr "" "Esta sección describe cómo configurar un sistema FreeBSD como un bridge " "usando man:if_bridge[4]. También hay disponible un driver bridge de " "netgraph, y se describe en man:ng_bridge[4]." #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1378 msgid "" "Packet filtering can be used with any firewall package that hooks into the " "man:pfil[9] framework. The bridge can be used as a traffic shaper with man:" "altq[4] or man:dummynet[4]." msgstr "" "Se pude usar filtrado de paquetes con cualquier paquete de firewall que se " "enganche en el framework man:pfil[9]. El bridge se puede usar como un " "perfilador de tráfico con man:altq[4] o man:dummynet[4]." #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1380 #, no-wrap msgid "Enabling the Bridge" msgstr "Habilitando el Bridge" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1384 msgid "" "In FreeBSD, man:if_bridge[4] is a kernel module which is automatically " "loaded by man:ifconfig[8] when creating a bridge interface. It is also " "possible to compile bridge support into a custom kernel by adding `device " "if_bridge` to the custom kernel configuration file." msgstr "" "En FreeBSD, man:if_bridge[4] es un módulo del kernel que se carga " "automáticamente cuando man:ifconfig[8] crea un interfaz bridge. También es " "posible compilar soporte para bridge en un kernel personalizado añadiendo " "`device if_bridge` al fichero de configuración del kernel personalizado." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1387 msgid "" "The bridge is created using interface cloning. To create the bridge " "interface:" msgstr "" "El bridge se crea clonando una interfaz. Para crear la interfaz bridge:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1398 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig bridge create\n" "bridge0\n" "# ifconfig bridge0\n" "bridge0: flags=8802 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" " ether 96:3d:4b:f1:79:7a\n" " id 00:00:00:00:00:00 priority 32768 hellotime 2 fwddelay 15\n" " maxage 20 holdcnt 6 proto rstp maxaddr 100 timeout 1200\n" " root id 00:00:00:00:00:00 priority 0 ifcost 0 port 0\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig bridge create\n" "bridge0\n" "# ifconfig bridge0\n" "bridge0: flags=8802 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" " ether 96:3d:4b:f1:79:7a\n" " id 00:00:00:00:00:00 priority 32768 hellotime 2 fwddelay 15\n" " maxage 20 holdcnt 6 proto rstp maxaddr 100 timeout 1200\n" " root id 00:00:00:00:00:00 priority 0 ifcost 0 port 0\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1403 msgid "" "When a bridge interface is created, it is automatically assigned a randomly " "generated Ethernet address. The `maxaddr` and `timeout` parameters control " "how many MAC addresses the bridge will keep in its forwarding table and how " "many seconds before each entry is removed after it is last seen. The other " "parameters control how STP operates." msgstr "" "Cuando se crea una interfaz bridge, se le asigna automáticamente una " "dirección Ethernet generada de forma aleatoria. Los parámetros `maxaddr` y " "`timeout` controlan cuántas direcciones MAC puede mantener el bridge en su " "tabla de reenvío y cuántos segundos deben pasar para eliminarla desde la " "última vez que han sido vistas. Los otros parámetros controlan cómo opera " "STP." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1406 msgid "" "Next, specify which network interfaces to add as members of the bridge. For " "the bridge to forward packets, all member interfaces and the bridge need to " "be up:" msgstr "" "Después, especifica qué interfaces de red añadir como miembros del bridge. " "Para que el bridge sea capaz de reenviar paquetes, todas las interfaces y el " "bridge necesitan estar levantadas:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1412 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig bridge0 addm fxp0 addm fxp1 up\n" "# ifconfig fxp0 up\n" "# ifconfig fxp1 up\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig bridge0 addm fxp0 addm fxp1 up\n" "# ifconfig fxp0 up\n" "# ifconfig fxp1 up\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1416 msgid "" "The bridge can now forward Ethernet frames between [.filename]#fxp0# and [." "filename]#fxp1#. Add the following lines to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# so " "the bridge is created at startup:" msgstr "" "El puente ahora puede reenviar tramas Ethernet entre [.filename]#fxp0# y [." "filename]#fxp1#. Añade las siguientes líneas a [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# de " "forma que el bridge se cree al arrancar:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1423 #, no-wrap msgid "" "cloned_interfaces=\"bridge0\"\n" "ifconfig_bridge0=\"addm fxp0 addm fxp1 up\"\n" "ifconfig_fxp0=\"up\"\n" "ifconfig_fxp1=\"up\"\n" msgstr "" "cloned_interfaces=\"bridge0\"\n" "ifconfig_bridge0=\"addm fxp0 addm fxp1 up\"\n" "ifconfig_fxp0=\"up\"\n" "ifconfig_fxp1=\"up\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1428 msgid "" "If the bridge host needs an IP address, set it on the bridge interface, not " "on the member interfaces. The address can be set statically or via DHCP. " "This example sets a static IP address:" msgstr "" "Si la máquina bridge necesita una dirección IP, establécela en la interfaz " "del bridge, no en las interfaces que son miembro. La dirección puede " "establecerse estáticamente o vía DHCP. Este ejemplo establece una dirección " "IP estática:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1432 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig bridge0 inet 192.168.0.1/24\n" msgstr "# ifconfig bridge0 inet 192.168.0.1/24\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1436 msgid "" "It is also possible to assign an IPv6 address to a bridge interface. To " "make the changes permanent, add the addressing information to [.filename]#/" "etc/rc.conf#." msgstr "" "También es posible establecer una dirección IPv6 al interfaz del bridge. " "Para hacer los cambios permanentes, añade la información de la dirección a [." "filename]#/etc/rc.conf#." #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1442 msgid "" "When packet filtering is enabled, bridged packets will pass through the " "filter inbound on the originating interface on the bridge interface, and " "outbound on the appropriate interfaces. Either stage can be disabled. When " "direction of the packet flow is important, it is best to firewall on the " "member interfaces rather than the bridge itself." msgstr "" "Cuando el filtrado de paquetes está habilitado, los paquetes que van por el " "bridge pasarán a través del filtro de entrada en la interfaz de origen en el " "interfaz del bridge, y de salida en las interfaces apropiadas. Cualquiera de " "las dos fases puede deshabilitarse. Cuando la dirección de un paquete es " "importante, es mejor aplicar el firewall en las interfaces que forman el " "bridge que en el bridge en sí mismo." #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1445 msgid "" "The bridge has several configurable settings for passing non-IP and IP " "packets, and layer2 firewalling with man:ipfw[8]. See man:if_bridge[4] for " "more information." msgstr "" "El bridge tiene varios valores configurables para pasar paquetes IP y no IP, " "y firewall the capa 2 con man:ipfw[8]. Consulta man:if_bridge[4] para más " "información." #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1447 #, no-wrap msgid "Enabling Spanning Tree" msgstr "Activando Spanning Tree" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1452 msgid "" "For an Ethernet network to function properly, only one active path can exist " "between two devices. The STP protocol detects loops and puts redundant " "links into a blocked state. Should one of the active links fail, STP " "calculates a different tree and enables one of the blocked paths to restore " "connectivity to all points in the network." msgstr "" "Para que una red Ethernet funcione adecuadamente, sólo debe existir un " "camino activo entre dos dispositivos. El protocolo STP detecta bucles y pone " "enlaces redundantes en un estado bloqueado. Si uno de los enlaces activos " "fallara, STP calcula un árbol diferente y activa uno de los caminos " "bloqueados para restaurar la conectividad a todos los puntos de la red." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1456 msgid "" "The Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP or 802.1w) provides backwards " "compatibility with legacy STP. RSTP provides faster convergence and " "exchanges information with neighboring switches to quickly transition to " "forwarding mode without creating loops. FreeBSD supports RSTP and STP as " "operating modes, with RSTP being the default mode." msgstr "" "El protocolo Rapid Spanning Tree (RSTP o 802.1w) proporciona compatibilidad " "hacia atrás con el STP antiguo. RSTP proporciona una convergencia más rápida " "e intercambia información con switches vecinos para transicionar rápidamente " "a modo reenvío sin crear bycles. FreeBSD soporta como modos de operación " "RSTP y STP, siendo RSTP el modo por defecto." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1459 msgid "" "STP can be enabled on member interfaces using man:ifconfig[8]. For a bridge " "with [.filename]#fxp0# and [.filename]#fxp1# as the current interfaces, " "enable STP with:" msgstr "" "Se puede activar STP en las interfaces miembro usando man:ifconfig[8]. Para " "un bridge con [.filename]#fxp0# y [.filename]#fxp1# como interfaces " "actuales, activa STP con:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1474 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig bridge0 stp fxp0 stp fxp1\n" "bridge0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" " ether d6:cf:d5:a0:94:6d\n" " id 00:01:02:4b:d4:50 priority 32768 hellotime 2 fwddelay 15\n" " maxage 20 holdcnt 6 proto rstp maxaddr 100 timeout 1200\n" " root id 00:01:02:4b:d4:50 priority 32768 ifcost 0 port 0\n" " member: fxp0 flags=1c7\n" " port 3 priority 128 path cost 200000 proto rstp\n" " role designated state forwarding\n" " member: fxp1 flags=1c7\n" " port 4 priority 128 path cost 200000 proto rstp\n" " role designated state forwarding\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig bridge0 stp fxp0 stp fxp1\n" "bridge0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" " ether d6:cf:d5:a0:94:6d\n" " id 00:01:02:4b:d4:50 priority 32768 hellotime 2 fwddelay 15\n" " maxage 20 holdcnt 6 proto rstp maxaddr 100 timeout 1200\n" " root id 00:01:02:4b:d4:50 priority 32768 ifcost 0 port 0\n" " member: fxp0 flags=1c7\n" " port 3 priority 128 path cost 200000 proto rstp\n" " role designated state forwarding\n" " member: fxp1 flags=1c7\n" " port 4 priority 128 path cost 200000 proto rstp\n" " role designated state forwarding\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1478 msgid "" "This bridge has a spanning tree ID of `00:01:02:4b:d4:50` and a priority of " "`32768`. As the `root id` is the same, it indicates that this is the root " "bridge for the tree." msgstr "" "Este bridge tiene un spanning tree con un ID de `00:01:02:4b:d4:50` y una " "prioridad de `32768`. Como el `root id` es el mismo, eso indica que es el " "bridge raíz del árbol." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1480 msgid "Another bridge on the network also has STP enabled:" msgstr "Otro bridge en la red tiene STP activado:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1494 #, no-wrap msgid "" "bridge0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" " ether 96:3d:4b:f1:79:7a\n" " id 00:13:d4:9a:06:7a priority 32768 hellotime 2 fwddelay 15\n" " maxage 20 holdcnt 6 proto rstp maxaddr 100 timeout 1200\n" " root id 00:01:02:4b:d4:50 priority 32768 ifcost 400000 port 4\n" " member: fxp0 flags=1c7\n" " port 4 priority 128 path cost 200000 proto rstp\n" " role root state forwarding\n" " member: fxp1 flags=1c7\n" " port 5 priority 128 path cost 200000 proto rstp\n" " role designated state forwarding\n" msgstr "" "bridge0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" " ether 96:3d:4b:f1:79:7a\n" " id 00:13:d4:9a:06:7a priority 32768 hellotime 2 fwddelay 15\n" " maxage 20 holdcnt 6 proto rstp maxaddr 100 timeout 1200\n" " root id 00:01:02:4b:d4:50 priority 32768 ifcost 400000 port 4\n" " member: fxp0 flags=1c7\n" " port 4 priority 128 path cost 200000 proto rstp\n" " role root state forwarding\n" " member: fxp1 flags=1c7\n" " port 5 priority 128 path cost 200000 proto rstp\n" " role designated state forwarding\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1498 msgid "" "The line `root id 00:01:02:4b:d4:50 priority 32768 ifcost 400000 port 4` " "shows that the root bridge is `00:01:02:4b:d4:50` and has a path cost of " "`400000` from this bridge. The path to the root bridge is via `port 4` " "which is [.filename]#fxp0#." msgstr "" "La línea `root id 00:01:02:4b:d4:50 priority 32768 ifcost 400000 port 4` " "muestra que el bridge raíz es `00:01:02:4b:d4:50` y que tiene un camino con " "coste `400000` desde este bridge. La ruta al brige raíz es vía `port 4` que " "es [.filename]#fxp0#." #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1499 #, no-wrap msgid "Bridge Interface Parameters" msgstr "Parámetros de la Interfaz del Bridge" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1504 msgid "" "Several `ifconfig` parameters are unique to bridge interfaces. This section " "summarizes some common uses for these parameters. The complete list of " "available parameters is described in man:ifconfig[8]." msgstr "" "Varios parámetros de `ifconfig` son únicos de las interfaces del bridge. " "Esta sección resume algunos casos comunes para estos parámetros. man:" "ifconfig[8] describe la lista completa de parámetros disponibles." #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1505 #, no-wrap msgid "private" msgstr "private" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1509 msgid "" "A private interface does not forward any traffic to any other port that is " "also designated as a private interface. The traffic is blocked " "unconditionally so no Ethernet frames will be forwarded, including ARP " "packets. If traffic needs to be selectively blocked, a firewall should be " "used instead." msgstr "" "Una interfaz privada no reenvía nada de tráfico a otro puerto que no esté " "designado como una interfaz privada. El tráfico se bloquea " "incondicionalmente de forma que las tramas Ethernet no serán reenviadas, " "incluyendo los paquetes ARP. Si se necesita bloquear el tráfico de forma " "selectiva, se tiene que usar un firewall." #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1510 #, no-wrap msgid "span" msgstr "span" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1515 msgid "" "A span port transmits a copy of every Ethernet frame received by the " "bridge. The number of span ports configured on a bridge is unlimited, but " "if an interface is designated as a span port, it cannot also be used as a " "regular bridge port. This is most useful for snooping a bridged network " "passively on another host connected to one of the span ports of the bridge. " "For example, to send a copy of all frames out the interface named [." "filename]#fxp4#:" msgstr "" "Un puerto span transmite una copia de cada trama Ethernet recibida en el " "bridge. El número de puertos span configurados en el bridge es ilimitado, " "pero si una interfaz es designada como un puerto span, no puede ser usada " "también como un puerto regular en el bridge. Esto es muy útil para husmear " "en una red con bridge de forma pasiva en otro host conectado a uno de los " "puertos span del bridge. Por ejemplo, para enviar una copia de todas las " "tramas obtenidas de la interfaz [.filename]#fxp4#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1519 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig bridge0 span fxp4\n" msgstr "# ifconfig bridge0 span fxp4\n" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1521 #, no-wrap msgid "sticky" msgstr "sticky" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1526 msgid "" "If a bridge member interface is marked as sticky, dynamically learned " "address entries are treated as static entries in the forwarding cache. " "Sticky entries are never aged out of the cache or replaced, even if the " "address is seen on a different interface. This gives the benefit of static " "address entries without the need to pre-populate the forwarding table. " "Clients learned on a particular segment of the bridge cannot roam to another " "segment." msgstr "" "Si una interfaz del bridge es marcada como sticky, las entradas de " "direcciones aprendidas dinámicamente se tratan como entradas estáticas en la " "caché de reenvío. Las entradas sticky no envejecen nunca en la caché ni son " "reemplazadas, incluso si la dirección es vista en otra interfaz. Esto ofrece " "el beneficio de las entradas de direcciones estáticas sin la necesidad de " "poblar la tabla de reenvío con antelación. Los clientes que se han aprendido " "de un segmento del bridge en particular no pueden moverse a otro segmento." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1529 msgid "" "An example of using sticky addresses is to combine the bridge with VLANs in " "order to isolate customer networks without wasting IP address space. " "Consider that `CustomerA` is on `vlan100`, `CustomerB` is on `vlan101`, and " "the bridge has the address `192.168.0.1`:" msgstr "" "Un ejemplo de uso de direcciones sticky es combinar el bridge con VLANs para " "aislar redes cliente sin gastar espacio de direcciones IP. Considera que " "`CustomerA` está en `vlan100`, `CustomerB` está en `vlan101`, y el bridge " "tiene la dirección `192.168.0.1`:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1534 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig bridge0 addm vlan100 sticky vlan100 addm vlan101 sticky vlan101\n" "# ifconfig bridge0 inet 192.168.0.1/24\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig bridge0 addm vlan100 sticky vlan100 addm vlan101 sticky vlan101\n" "# ifconfig bridge0 inet 192.168.0.1/24\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1538 msgid "" "In this example, both clients see `192.168.0.1` as their default gateway. " "Since the bridge cache is sticky, one host cannot spoof the MAC address of " "the other customer in order to intercept their traffic." msgstr "" "En este ejemplo, ambos clientes ven `192.168.0.1` como su gateway por " "defecto. Puesto que la caché del bridge es sticky, un host no puede falsear " "la dirección MAC de otro cliente para interceptar su tráfico." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1540 msgid "" "Any communication between the VLANs can be blocked using a firewall or, as " "seen in this example, private interfaces:" msgstr "" "Cualquier comunicación entre las VLANs se puede bloquear utilizando un " "firewall o, como se ve en este ejemplo, usando interfaces privadas:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1544 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig bridge0 private vlan100 private vlan101\n" msgstr "# ifconfig bridge0 private vlan100 private vlan101\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1547 msgid "" "The customers are completely isolated from each other and the full `/24` " "address range can be allocated without subnetting." msgstr "" "Los clientes están completamente aislados entre sí y el rango de direcciones " "completo `/24` se puede reservar sin necesidad de crear subredes." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1550 msgid "" "The number of unique source MAC addresses behind an interface can be " "limited. Once the limit is reached, packets with unknown source addresses " "are dropped until an existing host cache entry expires or is removed." msgstr "" "Se puede limitar el número direcciones MAC fuente únicas detrás de una " "interfaz. Una vez que se alcance el límite, los paquetes que tengan una " "dirección de origen desconocida serán descartados hasta que una entrada " "existente de caché en el host que expire o que sea eliminada." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1552 msgid "" "The following example sets the maximum number of Ethernet devices for " "`CustomerA` on `vlan100` to 10:" msgstr "" "El siguiente ejemplo establece el número máximo de dispositivos Ethernet a " "10 para `CustomerA` en `vlan100`:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1556 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig bridge0 ifmaxaddr vlan100 10\n" msgstr "# ifconfig bridge0 ifmaxaddr vlan100 10\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1562 msgid "" "Bridge interfaces also support monitor mode, where the packets are discarded " "after man:bpf[4] processing and are not processed or forwarded further. " "This can be used to multiplex the input of two or more interfaces into a " "single man:bpf[4] stream. This is useful for reconstructing the traffic for " "network taps that transmit the RX/TX signals out through two separate " "interfaces. For example, to read the input from four network interfaces as " "one stream:" msgstr "" "Las interfaces del bridge también soportan modo monitor, donde los paquetes " "son descartados después de haber sido procesados por man:bpf[4] y no se " "procesan más ni se reenvían. Esto se puede usar para multiplexar la entrada " "de dos o más interfaces en un único flujo man:bpf[4]. Esto es útil para " "reconstruir el tráfico de redes que transmiten las señales RX/TX hacia fuera " "usando dos interfaces separadas. Por ejemplo, para leer la entrada desde " "cuatro interfaces de red como un único flujo:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1567 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig bridge0 addm fxp0 addm fxp1 addm fxp2 addm fxp3 monitor up\n" "# tcpdump -i bridge0\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig bridge0 addm fxp0 addm fxp1 addm fxp2 addm fxp3 monitor up\n" "# tcpdump -i bridge0\n" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1569 #, no-wrap msgid "SNMP Monitoring" msgstr "Monitorización SNMP" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1573 msgid "" "The bridge interface and STP parameters can be monitored via man:bsnmpd[1] " "which is included in the FreeBSD base system. The exported bridge MIBs " "conform to IETF standards so any SNMP client or monitoring package can be " "used to retrieve the data." msgstr "" "El interfaz bridge y los parámetros STP se pueden monitorizar con man:" "bsnmpd[1] que se incluye con el sistema base FreeBSD. Las MIBs del bridge " "exportadas siguen el estándar IETF de forma que se puede usar cualquier " "cliente SNMP o paquete de monitorización para recuperar los datos." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1575 msgid "" "To enable monitoring on the bridge, uncomment this line in [.filename]#/etc/" "snmpd.config# by removing the beginning `+#+` symbol:" msgstr "" "Para habilitar la monitorización en el bridge, descomenta esta línea en [." "filename]#/etc/snmpd.config# eliminando el símbolo `+#+` al comienzo:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1579 #, no-wrap msgid "begemotSnmpdModulePath.\"bridge\" = \"/usr/lib/snmp_bridge.so\"\n" msgstr "begemotSnmpdModulePath.\"bridge\" = \"/usr/lib/snmp_bridge.so\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1584 msgid "" "Other configuration settings, such as community names and access lists, may " "need to be modified in this file. See man:bsnmpd[1] and man:snmp_bridge[3] " "for more information. Once these edits are saved, add this line to [." "filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "" "Podría ser necesario modificar en este fichero otros valores de " "configuración, como los nombres de la comunidad y listas de acceso. " "Consulta man:bsnmpd[1] y man:snmp_bridge[3]. Una vez guardados los cambios, " "añade esta línea a [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1588 #, no-wrap msgid "bsnmpd_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "bsnmpd_enable=\"YES\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1591 msgid "Then, start man:bsnmpd[1]:" msgstr "Después, arranca man:bsnmpd[1]:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1595 #, no-wrap msgid "# service bsnmpd start\n" msgstr "# service bsnmpd start\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1600 msgid "" "The following examples use the Net-SNMP software (package:net-mgmt/net-" "snmp[]) to query a bridge from a client system. The package:net-mgmt/" "bsnmptools[] port can also be used. From the SNMP client which is running " "Net-SNMP, add the following lines to [.filename]#$HOME/.snmp/snmp.conf# in " "order to import the bridge MIB definitions:" msgstr "" "Los siguientes ejemplos usan el software Net-SNMP (package:net-mgmt/net-" "snmp[]) para consultar un bridge desde un sistema cliente. También se puede " "usar el port package:net-mgmt/bsnmptools[]. Desde el cliente SNMP que está " "ejecutando Net-SNMP, añade las siguientes líneas a [.filename]#$HOME/.snmp/" "snmp.conf# para importar las definiciones MIB del bridge:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1605 #, no-wrap msgid "" "mibdirs +/usr/share/snmp/mibs\n" "mibs +BRIDGE-MIB:RSTP-MIB:BEGEMOT-MIB:BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB\n" msgstr "" "mibdirs +/usr/share/snmp/mibs\n" "mibs +BRIDGE-MIB:RSTP-MIB:BEGEMOT-MIB:BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1608 msgid "To monitor a single bridge using the IETF BRIDGE-MIB (RFC4188):" msgstr "Para monitorizar un sólo bridge usando IETF BRIDGE-MIB (RFC4188):" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1627 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% snmpwalk -v 2c -c public bridge1.example.com mib-2.dot1dBridge\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dBaseBridgeAddress.0 = STRING: 66:fb:9b:6e:5c:44\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dBaseNumPorts.0 = INTEGER: 1 ports\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpTimeSinceTopologyChange.0 = Timeticks: (189959) 0:31:39.59 centi-seconds\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpTopChanges.0 = Counter32: 2\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpDesignatedRoot.0 = Hex-STRING: 80 00 00 01 02 4B D4 50\n" "...\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpPortState.3 = INTEGER: forwarding(5)\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpPortEnable.3 = INTEGER: enabled(1)\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpPortPathCost.3 = INTEGER: 200000\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpPortDesignatedRoot.3 = Hex-STRING: 80 00 00 01 02 4B D4 50\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpPortDesignatedCost.3 = INTEGER: 0\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpPortDesignatedBridge.3 = Hex-STRING: 80 00 00 01 02 4B D4 50\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpPortDesignatedPort.3 = Hex-STRING: 03 80\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpPortForwardTransitions.3 = Counter32: 1\n" "RSTP-MIB::dot1dStpVersion.0 = INTEGER: rstp(2)\n" msgstr "" "% snmpwalk -v 2c -c public bridge1.example.com mib-2.dot1dBridge\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dBaseBridgeAddress.0 = STRING: 66:fb:9b:6e:5c:44\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dBaseNumPorts.0 = INTEGER: 1 ports\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpTimeSinceTopologyChange.0 = Timeticks: (189959) 0:31:39.59 centi-seconds\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpTopChanges.0 = Counter32: 2\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpDesignatedRoot.0 = Hex-STRING: 80 00 00 01 02 4B D4 50\n" "...\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpPortState.3 = INTEGER: forwarding(5)\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpPortEnable.3 = INTEGER: enabled(1)\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpPortPathCost.3 = INTEGER: 200000\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpPortDesignatedRoot.3 = Hex-STRING: 80 00 00 01 02 4B D4 50\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpPortDesignatedCost.3 = INTEGER: 0\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpPortDesignatedBridge.3 = Hex-STRING: 80 00 00 01 02 4B D4 50\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpPortDesignatedPort.3 = Hex-STRING: 03 80\n" "BRIDGE-MIB::dot1dStpPortForwardTransitions.3 = Counter32: 1\n" "RSTP-MIB::dot1dStpVersion.0 = INTEGER: rstp(2)\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1632 msgid "" "The `dot1dStpTopChanges.0` value is two, indicating that the STP bridge " "topology has changed twice. A topology change means that one or more links " "in the network have changed or failed and a new tree has been calculated. " "The `dot1dStpTimeSinceTopologyChange.0` value will show when this happened." msgstr "" "El valor `dot1dStpTopChanges.0` es dos, lo que indica que la topología STP " "ha cambiado dos veces. Un cambio de topología significa que uno o más " "enlaces en la red han cambiado o fallado y se ha tenido que calcular un " "nuevo árbol. El valor `dot1dStpTimeSinceTopologyChange.0` mostrará cuándo " "sucede esto." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1634 msgid "" "To monitor multiple bridge interfaces, the private BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB can be " "used:" msgstr "" "Para monitorizar múltiples interfaces del bridge, se puede usar el BEGEMOT-" "BRIDGE-MIB privado:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1652 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% snmpwalk -v 2c -c public bridge1.example.com\n" "enterprises.fokus.begemot.begemotBridge\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeBaseName.\"bridge0\" = STRING: bridge0\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeBaseName.\"bridge2\" = STRING: bridge2\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeBaseAddress.\"bridge0\" = STRING: e:ce:3b:5a:9e:13\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeBaseAddress.\"bridge2\" = STRING: 12:5e:4d:74:d:fc\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeBaseNumPorts.\"bridge0\" = INTEGER: 1\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeBaseNumPorts.\"bridge2\" = INTEGER: 1\n" "...\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeStpTimeSinceTopologyChange.\"bridge0\" = Timeticks: (116927) 0:19:29.27 centi-seconds\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeStpTimeSinceTopologyChange.\"bridge2\" = Timeticks: (82773) 0:13:47.73 centi-seconds\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeStpTopChanges.\"bridge0\" = Counter32: 1\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeStpTopChanges.\"bridge2\" = Counter32: 1\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeStpDesignatedRoot.\"bridge0\" = Hex-STRING: 80 00 00 40 95 30 5E 31\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeStpDesignatedRoot.\"bridge2\" = Hex-STRING: 80 00 00 50 8B B8 C6 A9\n" msgstr "" "% snmpwalk -v 2c -c public bridge1.example.com\n" "enterprises.fokus.begemot.begemotBridge\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeBaseName.\"bridge0\" = STRING: bridge0\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeBaseName.\"bridge2\" = STRING: bridge2\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeBaseAddress.\"bridge0\" = STRING: e:ce:3b:5a:9e:13\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeBaseAddress.\"bridge2\" = STRING: 12:5e:4d:74:d:fc\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeBaseNumPorts.\"bridge0\" = INTEGER: 1\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeBaseNumPorts.\"bridge2\" = INTEGER: 1\n" "...\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeStpTimeSinceTopologyChange.\"bridge0\" = Timeticks: (116927) 0:19:29.27 centi-seconds\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeStpTimeSinceTopologyChange.\"bridge2\" = Timeticks: (82773) 0:13:47.73 centi-seconds\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeStpTopChanges.\"bridge0\" = Counter32: 1\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeStpTopChanges.\"bridge2\" = Counter32: 1\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeStpDesignatedRoot.\"bridge0\" = Hex-STRING: 80 00 00 40 95 30 5E 31\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeStpDesignatedRoot.\"bridge2\" = Hex-STRING: 80 00 00 50 8B B8 C6 A9\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1655 msgid "" "To change the bridge interface being monitored via the `mib-2.dot1dBridge` " "subtree:" msgstr "" "Para cambiar la interfaz del bridge que está siendo monitorizada mediante el " "subárbol `mib-2.dot1dBridge`:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1660 #, no-wrap msgid "" "% snmpset -v 2c -c private bridge1.example.com\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeDefaultBridgeIf.0 s bridge2\n" msgstr "" "% snmpset -v 2c -c private bridge1.example.com\n" "BEGEMOT-BRIDGE-MIB::begemotBridgeDefaultBridgeIf.0 s bridge2\n" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1663 #, no-wrap msgid "Link Aggregation and Failover" msgstr "Agregación de Enlaces y Conmutación" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1668 msgid "" "FreeBSD provides the man:lagg[4] interface which can be used to aggregate " "multiple network interfaces into one virtual interface in order to provide " "failover and link aggregation. Failover allows traffic to continue to flow " "as long as at least one aggregated network interface has an established " "link. Link aggregation works best on switches which support LACP, as this " "protocol distributes traffic bi-directionally while responding to the " "failure of individual links." msgstr "" "FreeBSD proporciona la interfaz man:lagg[4] que se puede usar para agregar " "múltiples interfaces de red en una interfaz virtual para proporcionar " "tolerancia a fallos (\"failover\") y agregación de enlaces. El failover " "permite que el tráfico continúe fluyendo mientras haya al menos una interfaz " "de red que tenga establecido un enlace. La agregación de enlaces funciona " "mejor en switches que soportan LACP, ya que este protocolo distribuye el " "tráfico de forma bidireccional a la vez que responde al fallo de enlaces " "individuales." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1671 msgid "" "The aggregation protocols supported by the lagg interface determine which " "ports are used for outgoing traffic and whether or not a specific port " "accepts incoming traffic. The following protocols are supported by man:" "lagg[4]:" msgstr "" "Los protocolos de agregación soportados por el interfaz lagg determinan qué " "puertos se usan para tráfico saliente y si un puerto específico acepta o no " "tráfico de entrada. Los siguientes protocolos están soportados por man:" "lagg[4]:" #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1672 #, no-wrap msgid "failover" msgstr "failover" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1677 msgid "" "This mode sends and receives traffic only through the master port. If the " "master port becomes unavailable, the next active port is used. The first " "interface added to the virtual interface is the master port and all " "subsequently added interfaces are used as failover devices. If failover to " "a non-master port occurs, the original port becomes master once it becomes " "available again." msgstr "" "Este modo envía y recibe tráfico sólo a través del puerto maestro. Si el " "puerto maestro no está disponible, se usa el siguiente puerto activo. La " "primera interfaz añadida a la interfaz virtual es el puerto maestro y todas " "las interfaces añadidas posteriormente se usan como dispositivos " "redundantes. Si se produce un cambio a un puerto no maestro, el puerto " "original se convierte en maestro una vez que esté disponible de nuevo." #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1678 #, no-wrap msgid "loadbalance" msgstr "loadbalance" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1681 msgid "" "This provides a static setup and does not negotiate aggregation with the " "peer or exchange frames to monitor the link. If the switch supports LACP, " "that should be used instead." msgstr "" "Esto proporciona una configuración estática y no negocia agregación con los " "pares o intercambia marcos para monitorizar el enlace. Si el switch soporta " "LACP, se debería usar en su lugar." #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1682 #, no-wrap msgid "lacp" msgstr "lacp" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1687 msgid "" "The IEEE(R) 802.3ad Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) negotiates a " "set of aggregable links with the peer into one or more Link Aggregated " "Groups (LAGs). Each LAG is composed of ports of the same speed, set to full-" "duplex operation, and traffic is balanced across the ports in the LAG with " "the greatest total speed. Typically, there is only one LAG which contains " "all the ports. In the event of changes in physical connectivity, LACP will " "quickly converge to a new configuration." msgstr "" "El protocolo IEEE(R) 802.3ad Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) " "negocia un conjunto de enlaces agregables con el par en uno o más grupos " "\"Link Aggregated Groups\" (LAGs). Cada LAG se compone de puertos con la " "misma velocidad, conjunto de operaciones full-duplex, y el tráfico se " "balancea entre los puertos en el LAG con la velocidad total mayor. " "Típicamente, sólo hay un LAG que contiene todos los puertos. En el caso de " "cambios en la conectividad física, LACP convergerá rápido a una nueva " "configuración." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1690 msgid "" "LACP balances outgoing traffic across the active ports based on hashed " "protocol header information and accepts incoming traffic from any active " "port. The hash includes the Ethernet source and destination address and, if " "available, the VLAN tag, and the IPv4 or IPv6 source and destination address." msgstr "" "LACP balancea el tráfico de salida a lo largo de los puestos activos " "basándose en un hash de la cabecera de información del protocolo y acepta " "tráfico de entrada de cualquier puerto activo. El hash incluye la fuente " "Ehternet y la dirección de destino y, si está disponible, la etiqueta VLAN, " "y las direcciones de fuente y destino IPv4 o IPv6." #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1691 #, no-wrap msgid "roundrobin" msgstr "roundrobin" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1694 msgid "" "This mode distributes outgoing traffic using a round-robin scheduler through " "all active ports and accepts incoming traffic from any active port. Since " "this mode violates Ethernet frame ordering, it should be used with caution." msgstr "" "Este modo distribuye el tráfico de salida utilizando un planificador round-" "robin entre todos los puertos activos y acepta tráfico de entrada desde " "cualquier puerto activo. Puesto que esto viola el orden de las tramas " "Ethernet, debería ser usado con precaución." #. type: Labeled list #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1695 #, no-wrap msgid "broadcast" msgstr "broadcast" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1697 msgid "" "This mode sends outgoing traffic to all ports configured on the lagg " "interface, and receives frames on any port." msgstr "" "Este modo envía tráfico de salida a todos los puertos configurados en la " "interfaz lagg, y recibe tramas desde cualquier puerto." #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1698 #, no-wrap msgid "Configuration Examples" msgstr "Ejemplos de Configuración" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1702 msgid "" "This section demonstrates how to configure a Cisco(R) switch and a FreeBSD " "system for LACP load balancing. It then shows how to configure two Ethernet " "interfaces in failover mode as well as how to configure failover mode " "between an Ethernet and a wireless interface." msgstr "" "Esta sección muestra cómo configurar un switch Cisco(R) y un sistema FreeBSD " "para hacer balanceado de carga LACP. Después muestra cómo configurar dos " "interfaces Ethernet en modo failover así como cómo configurar el modo " "failover entre una interfaz Ethernet y otra inalámbrica." #. type: Block title #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1704 #, no-wrap msgid "LACP Aggregation with a Cisco(R) Switch" msgstr "Agregación LACP con un Switch Cisco(R)" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1710 msgid "" "This example connects two man:fxp[4] Ethernet interfaces on a FreeBSD " "machine to the first two Ethernet ports on a Cisco(R) switch as a single " "load balanced and fault tolerant link. More interfaces can be added to " "increase throughput and fault tolerance. Replace the names of the Cisco(R) " "ports, Ethernet devices, channel group number, and IP address shown in the " "example to match the local configuration." msgstr "" "Este ejemplo conecta dos interfaces Ethernet man:fcp[4] en una máquina " "FreeBSD con los dos primeros puertos Ethernet en un switch Cisco(R) como un " "enlace único de balanceo de carga y tolerante a fallos. Se pueden añadir más " "interfaces para incrementar la productividad y la tolerancia a fallos. " "Reemplaza los nombres de los puertos Cisco(R), dispositivos Ethernet, número " "de grupo del canal, y dirección IP como se muestra en el ejemplo para " "adaptarlo a la configuración local." #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1713 msgid "" "Frame ordering is mandatory on Ethernet links and any traffic between two " "stations always flows over the same physical link, limiting the maximum " "speed to that of one interface. The transmit algorithm attempts to use as " "much information as it can to distinguish different traffic flows and " "balance the flows across the available interfaces." msgstr "" "El orden de las tramas es obligatorio en los enlaces Ethernet y cualquier " "tráfico entre dos estaciones siempre debe fluir por el mismo enlace físico, " "limitando la velocidad máxima a aquella de un interfaz. El algoritmo de " "transmisión intenta usar la mayor cantidad de información posible para " "distinguir entre distintos flujos de tráfico y balancear los flujos entre " "las interfaces disponibles." #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1715 msgid "" "On the Cisco(R) switch, add the _FastEthernet0/1_ and _FastEthernet0/2_ " "interfaces to channel group _1_:" msgstr "" "En el switch Cisco(R), añade las interfaces _FastEthernet0/1_ y " "_FastEthernet0/2_ al grupo del canal _1_:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1725 #, no-wrap msgid "" "interface FastEthernet0/1\n" " channel-group 1 mode active\n" " channel-protocol lacp\n" "!\n" "interface FastEthernet0/2\n" " channel-group 1 mode active\n" " channel-protocol lacp\n" msgstr "" "interface FastEthernet0/1\n" " channel-group 1 mode active\n" " channel-protocol lacp\n" "!\n" "interface FastEthernet0/2\n" " channel-group 1 mode active\n" " channel-protocol lacp\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1728 msgid "" "On the FreeBSD system, create the man:lagg[4] interface using the physical " "interfaces _fxp0_ and _fxp1_ and bring the interfaces up with an IP address " "of _10.0.0.3/24_:" msgstr "" "En el sistema FreeBSD, crea el interfaz man:lagg[4] usando las interfaces " "físicas _fxp0_ y _fxp1_ y levanta las interfaces con la dirección IP " "_10.0.0.3/24_:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1735 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig fxp0 up\n" "# ifconfig fxp1 up\n" "# ifconfig lagg0 create\n" "# ifconfig lagg0 up laggproto lacp laggport fxp0 laggport fxp1 10.0.0.3/24\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig fxp0 up\n" "# ifconfig fxp1 up\n" "# ifconfig lagg0 create\n" "# ifconfig lagg0 up laggproto lacp laggport fxp0 laggport fxp1 10.0.0.3/24\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1738 msgid "Next, verify the status of the virtual interface:" msgstr "Después, verifica el estado de la interfaz virtual:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1751 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig lagg0\n" "lagg0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" " options=8\n" " ether 00:05:5d:71:8d:b8\n" " inet 10.0.0.3 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 10.0.0.255\n" " media: Ethernet autoselect\n" " status: active\n" " laggproto lacp\n" " laggport: fxp1 flags=1c\n" " laggport: fxp0 flags=1c\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig lagg0\n" "lagg0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" " options=8\n" " ether 00:05:5d:71:8d:b8\n" " inet 10.0.0.3 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 10.0.0.255\n" " media: Ethernet autoselect\n" " status: active\n" " laggproto lacp\n" " laggport: fxp1 flags=1c\n" " laggport: fxp0 flags=1c\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1756 msgid "" "Ports marked as `ACTIVE` are part of the LAG that has been negotiated with " "the remote switch. Traffic will be transmitted and received through these " "active ports. Add `-v` to the above command to view the LAG identifiers." msgstr "" "Los puertos marcados como `ACTIVE` forman parte del LAG que se ha negociado " "con el switch remoto. El tráfico será transmitido y recibido a través de " "estos puertos activos. Añade `-v` al comando de arriba para ver los " "identificadores LAG." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1758 msgid "To see the port status on the Cisco(R) switch:" msgstr "Para ver el estado del puerto en el switch Cisco(R):" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1765 #, no-wrap msgid "" "switch# show lacp neighbor\n" "Flags: S - Device is requesting Slow LACPDUs\n" " F - Device is requesting Fast LACPDUs\n" " A - Device is in Active mode P - Device is in Passive mode\n" msgstr "" "switch# show lacp neighbor\n" "Flags: S - Device is requesting Slow LACPDUs\n" " F - Device is requesting Fast LACPDUs\n" " A - Device is in Active mode P - Device is in Passive mode\n" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1767 #, no-wrap msgid "Channel group 1 neighbors\n" msgstr "Channel group 1 neighbors\n" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1769 #, no-wrap msgid "Partner's information:\n" msgstr "Partner's information:\n" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1774 #, no-wrap msgid "" " LACP port Oper Port Port\n" "Port Flags Priority Dev ID Age Key Number State\n" "Fa0/1 SA 32768 0005.5d71.8db8 29s 0x146 0x3 0x3D\n" "Fa0/2 SA 32768 0005.5d71.8db8 29s 0x146 0x4 0x3D\n" msgstr "" " LACP port Oper Port Port\n" "Port Flags Priority Dev ID Age Key Number State\n" "Fa0/1 SA 32768 0005.5d71.8db8 29s 0x146 0x3 0x3D\n" "Fa0/2 SA 32768 0005.5d71.8db8 29s 0x146 0x4 0x3D\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1777 msgid "For more detail, type `show lacp neighbor detail`." msgstr "Para más detalles, teclea `show lacp neighbor detail`." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1779 msgid "" "To retain this configuration across reboots, add the following entries to [." "filename]#/etc/rc.conf# on the FreeBSD system:" msgstr "" "Para mantener esta configuración entre reinicios, añade las siguientes " "entradas en el fichero [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#del sistema FreeBSD:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1786 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ifconfig_fxp0=\"up\"\n" "ifconfig_fxp1=\"up\"\n" "cloned_interfaces=\"lagg0\"\n" "ifconfig_lagg0=\"laggproto lacp laggport fxp0 laggport fxp1 10.0.0.3/24\"\n" msgstr "" "ifconfig_fxp0=\"up\"\n" "ifconfig_fxp1=\"up\"\n" "cloned_interfaces=\"lagg0\"\n" "ifconfig_lagg0=\"laggproto lacp laggport fxp0 laggport fxp1 10.0.0.3/24\"\n" #. type: Block title #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1791 #, no-wrap msgid "Failover Mode" msgstr "Modo Failover" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1798 msgid "" "Failover mode can be used to switch over to a secondary interface if the " "link is lost on the master interface. To configure failover, make sure that " "the underlying physical interfaces are up, then create the man:lagg[4] " "interface. In this example, _fxp0_ is the master interface, _fxp1_ is the " "secondary interface, and the virtual interface is assigned an IP address of " "_10.0.0.15/24_:" msgstr "" "El modo failover se puede usar para cambiar a un interfaz secundario si se " "pierde el enlace en el interfaz maestro. Para configurar failover, asegúrate " "de que las interfaces físicas están levantadas, después crea el interfaz man:" "lagg[4]. En este ejemplo, _fxp0_ es la interfaz maestra, _fxp1_ es la " "interfaz secundaria, y el interfaz virtual tiene asignada la dirección IP " "_10.0.0.15/24_:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1805 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig fxp0 up\n" "# ifconfig fxp1 up\n" "# ifconfig lagg0 create\n" "# ifconfig lagg0 up laggproto failover laggport fxp0 laggport fxp1 10.0.0.15/24\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig fxp0 up\n" "# ifconfig fxp1 up\n" "# ifconfig lagg0 create\n" "# ifconfig lagg0 up laggproto failover laggport fxp0 laggport fxp1 10.0.0.15/24\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1808 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1909 msgid "The virtual interface should look something like this:" msgstr "La interfaz virtual debería tener un aspecto parecido a este:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1821 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig lagg0\n" "lagg0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" " options=8\n" " ether 00:05:5d:71:8d:b8\n" " inet 10.0.0.15 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 10.0.0.255\n" " media: Ethernet autoselect\n" " status: active\n" " laggproto failover\n" " laggport: fxp1 flags=0<>\n" " laggport: fxp0 flags=5\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig lagg0\n" "lagg0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" " options=8\n" " ether 00:05:5d:71:8d:b8\n" " inet 10.0.0.15 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 10.0.0.255\n" " media: Ethernet autoselect\n" " status: active\n" " laggproto failover\n" " laggport: fxp1 flags=0<>\n" " laggport: fxp0 flags=5\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1826 msgid "" "Traffic will be transmitted and received on _fxp0_. If the link is lost on " "_fxp0_, _fxp1_ will become the active link. If the link is restored on the " "master interface, it will once again become the active link." msgstr "" "El tráfico será transmitido y recibido en _fxp0_. Si se pierde el enlace en " "_fxp0_, _fxp1_ se convertirá en el enlace activo. Si se restaura el enlace " "en la interfaz maestra, se convertirá de nuevo en el enlace activo." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1828 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1932 msgid "" "To retain this configuration across reboots, add the following entries to [." "filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "" "Para mantener esta configuración entre reinicios, añade las siguientes " "entradas en [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1835 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ifconfig_fxp0=\"up\"\n" "ifconfig_fxp1=\"up\"\n" "cloned_interfaces=\"lagg0\"\n" "ifconfig_lagg0=\"laggproto failover laggport fxp0 laggport fxp1 10.0.0.15/24\"\n" msgstr "" "ifconfig_fxp0=\"up\"\n" "ifconfig_fxp1=\"up\"\n" "cloned_interfaces=\"lagg0\"\n" "ifconfig_lagg0=\"laggproto failover laggport fxp0 laggport fxp1 10.0.0.15/24\"\n" #. type: Block title #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1840 #, no-wrap msgid "Failover Mode Between Ethernet and Wireless Interfaces" msgstr "Modo Failover Entre Interfaces Ethernet y Wireless" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1846 msgid "" "For laptop users, it is usually desirable to configure the wireless device " "as a secondary which is only used when the Ethernet connection is not " "available. With man:lagg[4], it is possible to configure a failover which " "prefers the Ethernet connection for both performance and security reasons, " "while maintaining the ability to transfer data over the wireless connection." msgstr "" "Para los usuarios de portátiles, normalmente es deseable configurar el " "dispositivo inalámbrico como un secundario que sólo usa cuando la conexión " "Ethernet no está disponible. Con man:lagg[4], es posible configurar un " "failover que prefiera la conexión Ethernet tanto por rendimiento como por " "razones de seguridad, mientras que se mantiene la posibilidad de transferir " "datos por la conexión inalámbrica." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1848 msgid "" "This is achieved by overriding the Ethernet interface's MAC address with " "that of the wireless interface." msgstr "" "Esto se consigue sobrescribiendo la dirección MAC del interfaz Ethernet con " "el de la interfaz inalámbrica." #. type: delimited block * 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1854 msgid "" "In theory, either the Ethernet or wireless MAC address can be changed to " "match the other. However, some popular wireless interfaces lack support for " "overriding the MAC address. We therefore recommend overriding the Ethernet " "MAC address for this purpose." msgstr "" "En teoría, cualquiera de las dos direcciones MAC (Ethernet o inalámbrica) se " "puede cambiar para igualarse a la otra. Sin embargo, algunas interfaces " "inalámbricas populares carecen del soporte para sobrescribir la dirección " "MAX. Por lo tanto para este propósito recomendamos sobrescribir la dirección " "MAC Ethernet." #. type: delimited block * 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1861 msgid "" "If the driver for the wireless interface is not loaded in the `GENERIC` or " "custom kernel, and the computer is running FreeBSD {rel121-current}, load " "the corresponding [.filename]#.ko# in [.filename]#/boot/loader.conf# by " "adding `*driver_load=\"YES\"*` to that file and rebooting. Another, better " "way is to load the driver in [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# by adding it to " "`kld_list` (see man:rc.conf[5] for details) in that file and rebooting. " "This is needed because otherwise the driver is not loaded yet at the time " "the man:lagg[4] interface is set up." msgstr "" "Si el controlador para el interfaz inalámbrico no está cargado en el kernel " "`GENERIC` o en el personalizado, y el ordenador está ejecutando " "FreeBSD{rel121-current}, carga el [.filename]#.ko# correspondiente en [." "filename]#/boot/loader.conf# añadiendo `*driver_load=\"YES\"*` a ese fichero " "y después reiniciando. Otra forma mejor es cargar el driver en [.filename]#/" "etc/rc.conf# añadiéndolo a `kld_list` (consulta man:rc.conf[5] para los " "detalles) en ese fichero y reiniciando. Esto es necesario porque de otra " "forma el controlador no está todavía cargado en el momento en el que se " "configura el interfaz man:lagg[4]." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1867 msgid "" "In this example, the Ethernet interface, _re0_, is the master and the " "wireless interface, _wlan0_, is the failover. The _wlan0_ interface was " "created from the _ath0_ physical wireless interface, and the Ethernet " "interface will be configured with the MAC address of the wireless " "interface. First, bring the wireless interface up (replacing _FR_ with your " "own 2-letter country code), but do not set an IP address. Replace _wlan0_ " "to match the system's wireless interface name:" msgstr "" "En este ejemplo, el interfaz Ethernet, _re0_, es el maestro y el interfaz " "inalámbrico, _wlan0_, es el recambio. El interfaz _wlan0_ ha sido creado a " "partir del interfaz inalámbrico físico _ath0_, y el interfaz Ethernet se " "configurará con la dirección MAC del interfaz inalámbrico. Primero, levanta " "el interfaz inalámbrico (reemplaza _FR_ con tu código de país de dos " "letras), pero no establezcas una dirección IP. Reemplaza _wlan0_ con el " "nombre del interfaz inalámbrico del sistema:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1871 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0 country FR ssid my_router up\n" msgstr "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0 country FR ssid my_router up\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1874 msgid "Now you can determine the MAC address of the wireless interface:" msgstr "Ahora puedes saber la dirección MAC del interfaz inalámbrico:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1889 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig wlan0\n" "wlan0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" "\tether b8:ee:65:5b:32:59\n" "\tgroups: wlan\n" "\tssid Bbox-A3BD2403 channel 6 (2437 MHz 11g ht/20) bssid 00:37:b7:56:4b:60\n" "\tregdomain ETSI country FR indoor ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON\n" "\tdeftxkey UNDEF AES-CCM 2:128-bit txpower 30 bmiss 7 scanvalid 60\n" "\tprotmode CTS ampdulimit 64k ampdudensity 8 shortgi -stbctx stbcrx\n" "\t-ldpc wme burst roaming MANUAL\n" "\tmedia: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet MCS mode 11ng\n" "\tstatus: associated\n" "\tnd6 options=29\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig wlan0\n" "wlan0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" "\tether b8:ee:65:5b:32:59\n" "\tgroups: wlan\n" "\tssid Bbox-A3BD2403 channel 6 (2437 MHz 11g ht/20) bssid 00:37:b7:56:4b:60\n" "\tregdomain ETSI country FR indoor ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON\n" "\tdeftxkey UNDEF AES-CCM 2:128-bit txpower 30 bmiss 7 scanvalid 60\n" "\tprotmode CTS ampdulimit 64k ampdudensity 8 shortgi -stbctx stbcrx\n" "\t-ldpc wme burst roaming MANUAL\n" "\tmedia: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet MCS mode 11ng\n" "\tstatus: associated\n" "\tnd6 options=29\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1893 msgid "" "The `ether` line will contain the MAC address of the specified interface. " "Now, change the MAC address of the Ethernet interface to match:" msgstr "" "La línea `ether` contendrá la dirección MAC del interfaz especificado. " "Ahora, cambia la dirección MAC del interfaz Ethernet para que concuerde:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1897 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig re0 ether b8:ee:65:5b:32:59\n" msgstr "# ifconfig re0 ether b8:ee:65:5b:32:59\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1900 msgid "" "Make sure the _re0_ interface is up, then create the man:lagg[4] interface " "with _re0_ as master with failover to _wlan0_:" msgstr "" "Asegúrate de que el interfaz _re0_ está levantado, luego crea el interfaz " "man:lagg[4] con _re0_ como maestro con _wlan0_ como recambio:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1906 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig re0 up\n" "# ifconfig lagg0 create\n" "# ifconfig lagg0 up laggproto failover laggport re0 laggport wlan0\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig re0 up\n" "# ifconfig lagg0 create\n" "# ifconfig lagg0 up laggproto failover laggport re0 laggport wlan0\n" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1922 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ifconfig lagg0\n" "lagg0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" " options=8\n" " ether b8:ee:65:5b:32:59\n" " laggproto failover lagghash l2,l3,l4\n" " laggport: re0 flags=5\n" " laggport: wlan0 flags=0<>\n" " groups: lagg\n" " media: Ethernet autoselect\n" " status: active\n" msgstr "" "# ifconfig lagg0\n" "lagg0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" " options=8\n" " ether b8:ee:65:5b:32:59\n" " laggproto failover lagghash l2,l3,l4\n" " laggport: re0 flags=5\n" " laggport: wlan0 flags=0<>\n" " groups: lagg\n" " media: Ethernet autoselect\n" " status: active\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1925 msgid "Then, start the DHCP client to obtain an IP address:" msgstr "Después, arranca el cliente DHCP para obtener una dirección IP:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1929 #, no-wrap msgid "# dhclient lagg0\n" msgstr "# dhclient lagg0\n" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1941 #, no-wrap msgid "" "ifconfig_re0=\"ether b8:ee:65:5b:32:59\"\n" "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" "ifconfig_wlan0=\"WPA\"\n" "create_args_wlan0=\"country FR\"\n" "cloned_interfaces=\"lagg0\"\n" "ifconfig_lagg0=\"up laggproto failover laggport re0 laggport wlan0 DHCP\"\n" msgstr "" "ifconfig_re0=\"ether b8:ee:65:5b:32:59\"\n" "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" "ifconfig_wlan0=\"WPA\"\n" "create_args_wlan0=\"country FR\"\n" "cloned_interfaces=\"lagg0\"\n" "ifconfig_lagg0=\"up laggproto failover laggport re0 laggport wlan0 DHCP\"\n" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1946 #, no-wrap msgid "Diskless Operation with PXE" msgstr "Operación sin Disco con PXE" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1952 msgid "" "The Intel(R) Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE) allows an operating system " "to boot over the network. For example, a FreeBSD system can boot over the " "network and operate without a local disk, using file systems mounted from an " "NFS server. PXE support is usually available in the BIOS. To use PXE when " "the machine starts, select the `Boot from network` option in the BIOS setup " "or type a function key during system initialization." msgstr "" "El Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE) de Intel(R) permite a un sistema " "operativo arrancar por red. Por ejemplo, un sistema FreeBSD puede arrancar " "sobre la red y operar sin un disco local, usando sistemas de ficheros " "montados desde un servidor NFS. El soporte de PXE normalmente está " "disponible en la BIOS. Para usar PXE cuando arranca la máquina, selecciona " "la opción `Arrancar desde la red` en la configuración de la BIOS o teclea " "una tecla de función durante la inicialización del sistema." #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1954 msgid "" "In order to provide the files needed for an operating system to boot over " "the network, a PXE setup also requires properly configured DHCP, TFTP, and " "NFS servers, where:" msgstr "" "Para proporcionar a un sistema operativo los ficheros necesarios para que " "arranque sobre la red, la configuración de PXE también necesita configurar " "apropiadamente DHCP, TFTP y los servidores NFS, donde:" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1956 msgid "" "Initial parameters, such as an IP address, executable boot filename and " "location, server name, and root path are obtained from the DHCP server." msgstr "" "Parámetros iniciales, como una dirección IP, el nombre del fichero " "ejecutable de arranque y su localización, el nombre del servidor, y la ruta " "raíz se obtienen del servidor DHCP." #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1957 msgid "The operating system loader file is booted using TFTP." msgstr "" "El fichero del cargador del sistema operativo se obtiene mediante TFTP." #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1958 msgid "The file systems are loaded using NFS." msgstr "Los sistemas de ficheros se cargan usando NFS." #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1963 msgid "" "When a computer PXE boots, it receives information over DHCP about where to " "obtain the initial boot loader file. After the host computer receives this " "information, it downloads the boot loader via TFTP and then executes the " "boot loader. In FreeBSD, the boot loader file is [.filename]#/boot/" "pxeboot#. After [.filename]#/boot/pxeboot# executes, the FreeBSD kernel is " "loaded and the rest of the FreeBSD bootup sequence proceeds, as described in " "crossref:boot[boot,The FreeBSD Booting Process]." msgstr "" "Cuando un ordenador arranca mediante PXE, recibe información a través de " "DHCP sobre dónde obtener el fichero inicial del cargador de arranque. " "Después de que el ordenador recibe esta información, descarga el cargador de " "arranque vía TFTP y después ejecuta el cargador de arranque. En FreeBSD, el " "fichero del cargador de arranque es [.filename]#/boot/pxeboot#. Después de " "que [.filename]#/boot/pxeboot# se ejecute, se carga el kernel de FreeBSD y " "el resto de la secuencia de arranque de FreeBSD prosigue su curso como se " "describe en crossref:boot[boot,El Proceso de Arranque de FreeBSD]." #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1966 msgid "" "This section describes how to configure these services on a FreeBSD system " "so that other systems can PXE boot into FreeBSD. Refer to man:diskless[8] " "for more information." msgstr "" "Esta sección describe cómo configurar estos servicios en un sistema FreeBSD " "de forma que otros sistemas puedan arrancar mediante PXE en FreeBSD. " "Consulta man:diskless[8] para más información." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1971 msgid "" "As described, the system providing these services is insecure. It should " "live in a protected area of a network and be untrusted by other hosts." msgstr "" "Como se ha descrito, el sistema que proporciona estos servicios no es " "seguro. Debería vivir en un área protegida de la red y otros hosts no " "deberían confiar en él." #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1974 #, no-wrap msgid "Setting Up the PXE Environment" msgstr "Configurando el Entorno PXE" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1980 msgid "" "The steps shown in this section configure the built-in NFS and TFTP " "servers. The next section demonstrates how to install and configure the " "DHCP server. In this example, the directory which will contain the files " "used by PXE users is [.filename]#/b/tftpboot/FreeBSD/install#. It is " "important that this directory exists and that the same directory name is set " "in both [.filename]#/etc/inetd.conf# and [.filename]#/usr/local/etc/dhcpd." "conf#." msgstr "" "Las pasos que se muestran en esta sección configuran los servidores NFS y " "TFTP incluidos. La siguiente sección muestra cómo instalar y configurar el " "servidor DHCP. En este ejemplo, el dirección que contendrá los ficheros " "usados por los usuarios PXE es [.filename]#/b/tftpboot/FreeBSD/install#. Es " "importante que este directorio exista y que el nombre del directorio esté " "configurado tanto en [.filename]#/etc/inetd.conf# como en [.filename]#/usr/" "local/etc/dhcpd.conf#." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1985 msgid "" "The command examples below assume use of the man:sh[1] shell. man:csh[1] " "and man:tcsh[1] users will need to start a man:sh[1] shell or adapt the " "commands to man:csh[1] syntax." msgstr "" "Los ejemplos de comandos que siguen asumen el uso del shell man:sh[1]. Los " "usuarios de man:chs[1] y man:tcsh[1] tendrán que iniciar un shell man:sh[1] " "o adaptar los comandos a la sintaxis de man:csh[1]." #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1989 msgid "" "Create the root directory which will contain a FreeBSD installation to be " "NFS mounted:" msgstr "" "Crea el directorio raíz que contendrá la instalación de FreeBSD que será " "montada por NFS:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1994 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# export NFSROOTDIR=/b/tftpboot/FreeBSD/install\n" "# mkdir -p ${NFSROOTDIR}\n" msgstr "" "# export NFSROOTDIR=/b/tftpboot/FreeBSD/install\n" "# mkdir -p ${NFSROOTDIR}\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:1997 msgid "Enable the NFS server by adding this line to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "" "Activa el servidor NFS añadiendo esta línea a [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2001 #, no-wrap msgid "nfs_server_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "nfs_server_enable=\"YES\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2004 msgid "" "Export the diskless root directory via NFS by adding the following to [." "filename]#/etc/exports#:" msgstr "" "Exporta el directorio raíz del sistema sin disco vía NFS añadiendo lo " "siguiente a [.filename]#/etc/exports#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2008 #, no-wrap msgid "/b -ro -alldirs -maproot=root\n" msgstr "/b -ro -alldirs -maproot=root\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2011 msgid "Start the NFS server:" msgstr "Arranca el servidor NFS:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2015 #, no-wrap msgid "# service nfsd start\n" msgstr "# service nfsd start\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2018 msgid "" "Enable man:inetd[8] by adding the following line to [.filename]#/etc/rc." "conf#:" msgstr "" "Activa man:inetd[8] añadiendo la siguiente línea a [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2022 #, no-wrap msgid "inetd_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "inetd_enable=\"YES\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2025 msgid "" "Uncomment the following line in [.filename]#/etc/inetd.conf# by making sure " "it does not start with a `+#+` symbol:" msgstr "" "Descomenta la siguiente línea en [.filename]#/etc/inetd.conf# asegurándote " "de que no comienza con un símbolo `+#+`:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2029 #, no-wrap msgid "tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/libexec/tftpd tftpd -l -s /b/tftpboot\n" msgstr "tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/libexec/tftpd tftpd -l -s /b/tftpboot\n" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2035 msgid "" "Some PXE versions require the TCP version of TFTP. In this case, uncomment " "the second `tftp` line which contains `stream tcp`." msgstr "" "Algunas versiones de PXE necesitan la versión TCP de TFTP. En este caso, " "descomenta la segunda línea `tftp` que contiene `stream tcp`." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2038 msgid "Start man:inetd[8]:" msgstr "Arranca man:inetd[8]:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2042 #, no-wrap msgid "# service inetd start\n" msgstr "# service inetd start\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2045 msgid "" "Install the base system into [.filename]#${NFSROOTDIR}#, either by " "decompressing the official archives or by rebuilding the FreeBSD kernel and " "userland (refer to crossref:cutting-edge[makeworld,“Updating FreeBSD from " "Source”] for more detailed instructions, but do not forget to add `DESTDIR=_" "${NFSROOTDIR}_` when running the `make installkernel` and `make " "installworld` commands." msgstr "" "Instala el sistema base en [.filename]#${NFSROOTDIR}#, bien descomprimiendo " "los archivos oficiales o recompilando el kernel de FreeBSD y el espacio de " "usuario (consulta crossref:cutting-edge[makeworld,“Actualizando FreeBSD " "desde las Fuentes”] para instrucciones más detalladas, pero no olvides " "añadir `DESTDIR=_${NFSROOTDIR}_` cuando ejecutes los comands `make " "installkernel` y `make installworld`." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2046 msgid "" "Test that the TFTP server works and can download the boot loader which will " "be obtained via PXE:" msgstr "" "Comprueba que el servidor TFTP funciona y que puede descargar el cargador de " "arranque que se obtendrá vía PXE:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2052 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# tftp localhost\n" "tftp> get FreeBSD/install/boot/pxeboot\n" "Received 264951 bytes in 0.1 seconds\n" msgstr "" "# tftp localhost\n" "tftp> get FreeBSD/install/boot/pxeboot\n" "Received 264951 bytes in 0.1 seconds\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2055 msgid "" "Edit [.filename]#${NFSROOTDIR}/etc/fstab# and create an entry to mount the " "root file system over NFS:" msgstr "" "Edita [.filename]#${NFSROOTDIR}/etc/fstab# y crea una entrada para montar el " "sistema de ficheros raíz sobre NFS:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2060 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Device Mountpoint FSType Options Dump Pass\n" "myhost.example.com:/b/tftpboot/FreeBSD/install / nfs ro 0 0\n" msgstr "" "# Device Mountpoint FSType Options Dump Pass\n" "myhost.example.com:/b/tftpboot/FreeBSD/install / nfs ro 0 0\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2064 msgid "" "Replace _myhost.example.com_ with the hostname or IP address of the NFS " "server. In this example, the root file system is mounted read-only in order " "to prevent NFS clients from potentially deleting the contents of the root " "file system." msgstr "" "Reemplaza _myhost.example.com_ con el nombre de la máquina o la dirección IP " "del servidor NFS. En este ejemplo, el sistema de ficheros raíz está montado " "como solo lectura para evitar que los clientes NFS puedan borrar los " "contenidos del sistema de ficheros raíz." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2065 msgid "" "Set the root password in the PXE environment for client machines which are " "PXE booting :" msgstr "" "Establece la contraseña de root en el entorno PXE para las máquinas cliente " "que están arrancando mediante PXE:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2070 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# chroot ${NFSROOTDIR}\n" "# passwd\n" msgstr "" "# chroot ${NFSROOTDIR}\n" "# passwd\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2073 msgid "" "If needed, enable man:ssh[1] root logins for client machines which are PXE " "booting by editing [.filename]#${NFSROOTDIR}/etc/ssh/sshd_config# and " "enabling `PermitRootLogin`. This option is documented in man:sshd_config[5]." msgstr "" "Si es necesario, habilita el inicio de sesión de root en man:ssh[1] para las " "máquinas cliente que arrancan con PXE editando [.filename]#${NFSROOTDIR}/etc/" "ssh/sshd_config# y habilitando `PermitRootLogin`. Esta opción está " "documentada en man:sshd_config[5]." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2074 msgid "" "Perform any other needed customizations of the PXE environment in [." "filename]#${NFSROOTDIR}#. These customizations could include things like " "installing packages or editing the password file with man:vipw[8]." msgstr "" "Realiza cualquier otra personalización del entorno PXE en [.filename]#" "${NFSROOTDIR}#. Estas personalizaciones podrían incluir cosas como " "instalación de paquetes o editar el fichero de contraseñas con man:vipw[8]." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2077 msgid "" "When booting from an NFS root volume, [.filename]#/etc/rc# detects the NFS " "boot and runs [.filename]#/etc/rc.initdiskless#. In this case, [.filename]#/" "etc# and [.filename]#/var# need to be memory backed file systems so that " "these directories are writable but the NFS root directory is read-only:" msgstr "" "Cuando se arranca desde un volumen raíz NFS, [.filename]#/etc/rc# detecta el " "arranque NFS y ejecuta [.filename]#/etc/rc.initdiskless#. En este caso se " "necesita que [.filename]#/etc# y [.filename]#/var# estén cargados den " "memoria de forma que estos directorios sean escribibles pero el directorio " "raíz NFS sea de sólo escritura:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2084 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# chroot ${NFSROOTDIR}\n" "# mkdir -p conf/base\n" "# tar -c -v -f conf/base/etc.cpio.gz --format cpio --gzip etc\n" "# tar -c -v -f conf/base/var.cpio.gz --format cpio --gzip var\n" msgstr "" "# chroot ${NFSROOTDIR}\n" "# mkdir -p conf/base\n" "# tar -c -v -f conf/base/etc.cpio.gz --format cpio --gzip etc\n" "# tar -c -v -f conf/base/var.cpio.gz --format cpio --gzip var\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2089 msgid "" "When the system boots, memory file systems for [.filename]#/etc# and [." "filename]#/var# will be created and mounted and the contents of the [." "filename]#cpio.gz# files will be copied into them. By default, these file " "systems have a maximum capacity of 5 megabytes. If your archives do not " "fit, which is usually the case for [.filename]#/var# when binary packages " "have been installed, request a larger size by putting the number of 512 byte " "sectors needed (e.g., 5 megabytes is 10240 sectors) in [.filename]#" "${NFSROOTDIR}/conf/base/etc/md_size# and [.filename]#${NFSROOTDIR}/conf/base/" "var/md_size# files for [.filename]#/etc# and [.filename]#/var# file systems " "respectively." msgstr "" "Cuando el sistema arranca, los sistemas de fichero en memoria para [." "filename]#/etc# y [.filename]#/var# se crearán y montarán y el contenido de " "los ficheros [.filename]#cpio.gz# se copiará dentro de ellos. Por defecto, " "estos sistemas de ficheros tienen una capacidad máxima de 5 megabytes. Si " "tus archivos no caben, que es habitualmente el caso para [.filename]#/var# " "cuando se han instalado paquetes binarios, solicita más tamaño poniendo el " "número de sectores de 512 bytes necesarios (por ejemplo, 5 megabytes es " "10240 sectores) en [.filename]#${NFSROOTDIR}/conf/base/etc/md_size# y [." "filename]#${NFSROOTDIR}/conf/base/var/md_size# para los sistemas de ficheros " "[.filename]#/etc# y [.filename]#/var# respectivamente." #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2091 #, no-wrap msgid "Configuring the DHCP Server" msgstr "Configurando el Servidor DHCP" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2094 msgid "" "The DHCP server does not need to be the same machine as the TFTP and NFS " "server, but it needs to be accessible in the network." msgstr "" "El servidor DHCP no necesita estar en la misma máquina que los servidores de " "TFTP y NFS, pero necesita estar accesible en la red." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2096 msgid "" "DHCP is not part of the FreeBSD base system but can be installed using the " "package:net/isc-dhcp44-server[] port or package." msgstr "" "DHCP no es parte del sistema base de FreeBSD pero se puede instalar usando " "el port o paquete package:net/isc-dhcp44-server[]." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2099 msgid "" "Once installed, edit the configuration file, [.filename]#/usr/local/etc/" "dhcpd.conf#. Configure the `next-server`, `filename`, and `root-path` " "settings as seen in this example:" msgstr "" "Una vez instalado, edita el fichero de configuración, [.filename]#/usr/local/" "etc/dhcpd.conf#. Configura las opciones `next-server`, `filename`, y `root-" "path` como se ve en este ejemplo:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2109 #, no-wrap msgid "" "subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {\n" " range 192.168.0.2 192.168.0.3 ;\n" " option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0 ;\n" " option routers 192.168.0.1 ;\n" " option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255 ;\n" " option domain-name-servers 192.168.35.35, 192.168.35.36 ;\n" " option domain-name \"example.com\";\n" msgstr "" "subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {\n" " range 192.168.0.2 192.168.0.3 ;\n" " option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0 ;\n" " option routers 192.168.0.1 ;\n" " option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255 ;\n" " option domain-name-servers 192.168.35.35, 192.168.35.36 ;\n" " option domain-name \"example.com\";\n" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2112 #, no-wrap msgid "" " # IP address of TFTP server\n" " next-server 192.168.0.1 ;\n" msgstr "" " # IP address of TFTP server\n" " next-server 192.168.0.1 ;\n" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2115 #, no-wrap msgid "" " # path of boot loader obtained via tftp\n" " filename \"FreeBSD/install/boot/pxeboot\" ;\n" msgstr "" " # path of boot loader obtained via tftp\n" " filename \"FreeBSD/install/boot/pxeboot\" ;\n" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2118 #, no-wrap msgid "" " # pxeboot boot loader will try to NFS mount this directory for root FS\n" " option root-path \"192.168.0.1:/b/tftpboot/FreeBSD/install/\" ;\n" msgstr "" " # pxeboot boot loader will try to NFS mount this directory for root FS\n" " option root-path \"192.168.0.1:/b/tftpboot/FreeBSD/install/\" ;\n" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2120 #, no-wrap msgid "}\n" msgstr "}\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2123 msgid "" "The `next-server` directive is used to specify the IP address of the TFTP " "server." msgstr "" "La directiva `next-server` se usa para especificar la dirección IP del " "servidor TFTP." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2126 msgid "" "The `filename` directive defines the path to [.filename]#/boot/pxeboot#. A " "relative filename is used, meaning that [.filename]#/b/tftpboot# is not " "included in the path." msgstr "" "La directiva `filename` define la ruta a [.filename]#/boot/pxeboot#. Se usa " "un nombre de fichero relativo, lo que significa que [.filename]#/b/tftpboot# " "no está incluido en la ruta." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2128 msgid "The `root-path` option defines the path to the NFS root file system." msgstr "La opción `root-path` define la ruta al sistema de ficheros raíz NFS." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2130 msgid "" "Once the edits are saved, enable DHCP at boot time by adding the following " "line to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "" "Una vez salvados los cambios, activa DHCP durante el arranque añadiendo la " "siguiente línea a [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2134 #, no-wrap msgid "dhcpd_enable=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "dhcpd_enable=\"YES\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2137 msgid "Then start the DHCP service:" msgstr "Después inicia el servicio DHCP:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2141 #, no-wrap msgid "# service isc-dhcpd start\n" msgstr "# service isc-dhcpd start\n" #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2143 #, no-wrap msgid "Debugging PXE Problems" msgstr "Depurando problemas en PXE" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2147 msgid "" "Once all of the services are configured and started, PXE clients should be " "able to automatically load FreeBSD over the network. If a particular client " "is unable to connect, when that client machine boots up, enter the BIOS " "configuration menu and confirm that it is set to boot from the network." msgstr "" "Una vez que todos los servicios están configurados y arrancados, los " "clientes PXE deberían ser capaces de cargar automáticamente FreeBSD a través " "de la red. Si un cliente particular no es capaz de conectar, cuando ese " "cliente arranque, entra en el menú de configuración de la BIO y confirma que " "está configurado para arrancar desde la red." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2149 msgid "" "This section describes some troubleshooting tips for isolating the source of " "the configuration problem should no clients be able to PXE boot." msgstr "" "Esta sección describe algunos consejos para resolución de problemas para " "aislar la fuente del problema de configuración si los clientes no fueran " "capaces de arrancar mediante PXE." #. type: delimited block * 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2153 msgid "" "Use the package:net/wireshark[] package or port to debug the network traffic " "involved during the PXE booting process, which is illustrated in the diagram " "below." msgstr "" "Usa el paquete o port package:net/wireshark[] para depurar el tráfico de red " "involucrado en el proceso de arranque de PXE, el cual se ilustra en el " "diagrama inferior." #. type: Block title #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2154 #, no-wrap msgid "PXE Booting Process with NFS Root Mount" msgstr "Proceso de Arranque de PXE con Punto de Montaje Raíz NFS" #. type: Target for macro image #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2155 #, no-wrap msgid "pxe-nfs.png" msgstr "pxe-nfs.png" #. type: delimited block * 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2158 msgid "Client broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER message." msgstr "El cliente emite un mensaje DHCPDISCOVER." #. type: delimited block * 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2160 msgid "" "The DHCP server responds with the IP address, next-server, filename, and " "root-path values." msgstr "" "El servidor DHCP responde con los valores para la dirección IP, next-server, " "filename y root-path." #. type: delimited block * 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2162 msgid "" "The client sends a TFTP request to next-server, asking to retrieve filename." msgstr "" "El cliente envía una solicitud TFTP a next-server, pidiendo recuperar un " "nombre de archivo." #. type: delimited block * 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2164 msgid "The TFTP server responds and sends filename to client." msgstr "El servidor TFTP responde y envía el fichero al cliente." #. type: delimited block * 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2166 msgid "" "The client executes filename, which is pxeboot(8), which then loads the " "kernel. When the kernel executes, the root file system specified by root-" "path is mounted over NFS." msgstr "" "El cliente ejecuta el fichero, que es pxeboot(8), que luego carga el kernel. " "Cuando el kernel se ejecuta, el sistema de ficheros raíz especificado por " "root-path es montado a través de NFS." #. type: delimited block * 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2168 msgid "" "On the TFTP server, read [.filename]#/var/log/xferlog# to ensure that [." "filename]#pxeboot# is being retrieved from the correct location. To test " "this example configuration:" msgstr "" "En el servidor TFTP, lee [.filename]#/var/log/xferlog# para asegurar que se " "está recuperando [.filename]#pxeboot# desde el lugar correcto. Prueba con " "este ejemplo de configuración:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2174 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# tftp 192.168.0.1\n" "tftp> get FreeBSD/install/boot/pxeboot\n" "Received 264951 bytes in 0.1 seconds\n" msgstr "" "# tftp 192.168.0.1\n" "tftp> get FreeBSD/install/boot/pxeboot\n" "Received 264951 bytes in 0.1 seconds\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2177 msgid "" "The `BUGS` sections in man:tftpd[8] and man:tftp[1] document some " "limitations with TFTP." msgstr "" "La sección `BUGS` en man:tftpd[8] y man:tftp[1] documentan algunas " "limitaciones con TFTP." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2178 msgid "" "Make sure that the root file system can be mounted via NFS. To test this " "example configuration:" msgstr "" "Asegúrate de que el sistema de ficheros raíz se puede montar vía NFS. Puedes " "probar con esta configuración de ejemplo:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2182 #, no-wrap msgid "# mount -t nfs 192.168.0.1:/b/tftpboot/FreeBSD/install /mnt\n" msgstr "# mount -t nfs 192.168.0.1:/b/tftpboot/FreeBSD/install /mnt\n" #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2186 #, no-wrap msgid "Common Address Redundancy Protocol (CARP)" msgstr "Common Address Redundancy Protocol (CARP)" #. type: delimited block * 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2190 msgid "" "The Common Address Redundancy Protocol (CARP) allows multiple hosts to share " "the same IP address and Virtual Host ID (VHID) in order to provide _high " "availability_ for one or more services. This means that one or more hosts " "can fail, and the other hosts will transparently take over so that users do " "not see a service failure." msgstr "" "El protocolo CARP (Common Address Redundancy Protocol) permite a múltiples " "hosts compartir la misma dirección IP y VHID (Virtual Host ID) para " "proporcionar _alta disponibilidad_ para uno o más servicios. Este significa " "que uno o más hosts pueden fallar, y los otros hosts se harán cargo de forma " "transparente de forma que los usuarios no verán un fallo de servicio." #. type: delimited block * 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2194 msgid "" "In addition to the shared IP address, each host has its own IP address for " "management and configuration. All of the machines that share an IP address " "have the same VHID. The VHID for each virtual IP address must be unique " "across the broadcast domain of the network interface." msgstr "" "Además de la dirección IP compartida, cada host tiene su propia dirección IP " "para gestión y configuración. Todas las máquinas que comparten una dirección " "IP tienen el mismo VHID. El VHID para cada dirección IP virtual debe ser " "única en el dominio broadcast del interfaz de red." #. type: delimited block * 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2197 msgid "" "High availability using CARP is built into FreeBSD, though the steps to " "configure it vary slightly depending upon the FreeBSD version. This section " "provides the same example configuration for versions before and equal to or " "after FreeBSD 10." msgstr "" "La alta disponibilidad con CARP está incluida en FreeBSD, aunque los pasos " "para configurarla varían ligeramente dependiendo de la versión de FreeBSD. " "Esta sección proporciona la misma configuración de ejemplo para versiones " "anteriores, iguales o posteriores a FreeBSD 10." #. type: delimited block * 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2200 msgid "" "This example configures failover support with three hosts, all with unique " "IP addresses, but providing the same web content. It has two different " "masters named `hosta.example.org` and `hostb.example.org`, with a shared " "backup named `hostc.example.org`." msgstr "" "Este ejemplo configura soporte para failover con tres hosts, todos con una " "única dirección IP, pero proporcionando el mismo contenido web. Tiene dos " "maestros diferentes llamados `hosta.example.org` y `hostb.example.org`, con " "un respaldo compartido llamado `hostc.example.org`." #. type: delimited block * 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2207 msgid "" "These machines are load balanced with a Round Robin DNS configuration. The " "master and backup machines are configured identically except for their " "hostnames and management IP addresses. These servers must have the same " "configuration and run the same services. When the failover occurs, requests " "to the service on the shared IP address can only be answered correctly if " "the backup server has access to the same content. The backup machine has " "two additional CARP interfaces, one for each of the master content server's " "IP addresses. When a failure occurs, the backup server will pick up the " "failed master machine's IP address." msgstr "" "Estas máquinas están balanceadas con un DNS con figurado en Round Robin . " "Las máquinas maestro y el respaldo están configuradas de forma idéntica " "excepto por los nombres de host y las direcciones IP de gestión. Estos " "servidores deben tener la misma configuración y ejecutar los mismos " "servicios. Cuando se produce un failover, las peticiones al servicio en la " "dirección IP compartida sólo pueden ser contestadas correctamente si el " "servidor de respaldo tiene acceso al mismo contenido. La máquina de respaldo " "tiene dos interfaces CARP adicionales, una para cada dirección IP de los " "servidores maestros. Cuando ocurre un fallo, el servidor de respaldo pillará " "la dirección IP de la máquina del maestro que haya fallado." #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2209 #, no-wrap msgid "Using CARP on FreeBSD 10 and Later" msgstr "Usando CARP en FreeBSD 10 y Posterior" #. type: delimited block * 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2212 msgid "" "Enable boot-time support for CARP by adding an entry for the [." "filename]#carp.ko# kernel module in [.filename]#/boot/loader.conf#:" msgstr "" "Activa el soporte de CARP en el arranque añadiendo una entrada para el " "módulo del kernel [.filename]#carp.ko# en [.filename]#/boot/loader.conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2216 #, no-wrap msgid "carp_load=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "carp_load=\"YES\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2219 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2300 msgid "To load the module now without rebooting:" msgstr "Para cargar el módulo ahora sin reiniciar:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2223 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2304 #, no-wrap msgid "# kldload carp\n" msgstr "# kldload carp\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2226 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2307 msgid "" "For users who prefer to use a custom kernel, include the following line in " "the custom kernel configuration file and compile the kernel as described in " "crossref:kernelconfig[kernelconfig,Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel]:" msgstr "" "Para los usuarios que prefieren usar un kernel personalizado, incluye la " "siguiente línea en el fichero de configuración del kernel personalizado y " "compila como se describe en crossref:kernelconfig[kernelconfig,Configurando " "el Kernel de FreeBSD]:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2230 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2311 #, no-wrap msgid "device\tcarp\n" msgstr "device\tcarp\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2233 msgid "" "The hostname, management IP address and subnet mask, shared IP address, and " "VHID are all set by adding entries to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#. This " "example is for `hosta.example.org`:" msgstr "" "El nombre de host, dirección IP de gestión y su máscara de subred, la " "dirección IP compartida, y el VHID se configuran añadiendo entradas en [." "filename]#/etc/rc.conf#. Este ejemplo es para `hosta.example.org`:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2239 #, no-wrap msgid "" "hostname=\"hosta.example.org\"\n" "ifconfig_em0=\"inet 192.168.1.3 netmask 255.255.255.0\"\n" "ifconfig_em0_alias0=\"inet vhid 1 pass testpass alias 192.168.1.50/32\"\n" msgstr "" "hostname=\"hosta.example.org\"\n" "ifconfig_em0=\"inet 192.168.1.3 netmask 255.255.255.0\"\n" "ifconfig_em0_alias0=\"inet vhid 1 pass testpass alias 192.168.1.50/32\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2244 msgid "" "The next set of entries are for `hostb.example.org`. Since it represents a " "second master, it uses a different shared IP address and VHID. However, the " "passwords specified with `pass` must be identical as CARP will only listen " "to and accept advertisements from machines with the correct password." msgstr "" "El siguiente conjunto de entradas es para `hostb.example.org`. Puesto que " "representa un segundo maestro, utiliza una dirección IP compartida y VHID " "diferentes. Sin embargo, la contraseña especificada con `pass` debe ser " "idéntica ya que CARP sólo escuchará y aceptará notificaciones de las " "máquinas que tengan la contraseña correcta." #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2250 #, no-wrap msgid "" "hostname=\"hostb.example.org\"\n" "ifconfig_em0=\"inet 192.168.1.4 netmask 255.255.255.0\"\n" "ifconfig_em0_alias0=\"inet vhid 2 pass testpass alias 192.168.1.51/32\"\n" msgstr "" "hostname=\"hostb.example.org\"\n" "ifconfig_em0=\"inet 192.168.1.4 netmask 255.255.255.0\"\n" "ifconfig_em0_alias0=\"inet vhid 2 pass testpass alias 192.168.1.51/32\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2255 msgid "" "The third machine, `hostc.example.org`, is configured to handle failover " "from either master. This machine is configured with two CARPVHIDs, one to " "handle the virtual IP address for each of the master hosts. The CARP " "advertising skew, `advskew`, is set to ensure that the backup host " "advertises later than the master, since `advskew` controls the order of " "precedence when there are multiple backup servers." msgstr "" "La tercer máquina, `hostc.example.org`, está configurada para manejar el " "failover de cualquiera de los maestros. Esta máquina está configurada con " "dos CARPVHIDS, uno para manejar cada dirección IP virtual de cada host " "maestro. El desvío de notificaciones CARP, `advskew`, está configurado para " "asegurar que el host de respaldo notifica más tarde que el maestro, puesto " "que `advskew` controla el orden de precedencia cuando hay varios servidores " "de reemplazo." #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2262 #, no-wrap msgid "" "hostname=\"hostc.example.org\"\n" "ifconfig_em0=\"inet 192.168.1.5 netmask 255.255.255.0\"\n" "ifconfig_em0_alias0=\"inet vhid 1 advskew 100 pass testpass alias 192.168.1.50/32\"\n" "ifconfig_em0_alias1=\"inet vhid 2 advskew 100 pass testpass alias 192.168.1.51/32\"\n" msgstr "" "hostname=\"hostc.example.org\"\n" "ifconfig_em0=\"inet 192.168.1.5 netmask 255.255.255.0\"\n" "ifconfig_em0_alias0=\"inet vhid 1 advskew 100 pass testpass alias 192.168.1.50/32\"\n" "ifconfig_em0_alias1=\"inet vhid 2 advskew 100 pass testpass alias 192.168.1.51/32\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2266 msgid "" "Having two CARPVHIDs configured means that `hostc.example.org` will notice " "if either of the master servers becomes unavailable. If a master fails to " "advertise before the backup server, the backup server will pick up the " "shared IP address until the master becomes available again." msgstr "" "Tener dos CARPVHIDs configurados significa que `hostc.example.org` se dará " "cuenta si alguno de los maestros no se encuentra disponible. Si un maestro " "no es capaz de notificar antes que el servidor de reemplazo, el servidor de " "reemplazo usará la dirección IP compartida hasta que el maestro esté " "disponible de nuevo." #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2273 msgid "" "If the original master server becomes available again, `hostc.example.org` " "will not release the virtual IP address back to it automatically. For this " "to happen, preemption has to be enabled. The feature is disabled by " "default, it is controlled via the man:sysctl[8] variable `net.inet.carp." "preempt`. The administrator can force the backup server to return the IP " "address to the master:" msgstr "" "Si el maestro original vuelve a estar disponible, `hostc.example.org` no " "liberará la dirección IP virtual automáticamente. Para que esto suceda, se " "tiene que habilitar la preemptividad. Esto está deshabilitado por defecto, " "está controlado mediante la variable `net.inet.carp.preempt` de man:" "sysctl[8]. El administrador puede forzar a que el servidor de reemplazo " "devuelva la dirección IP al maestro:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2277 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig em0 vhid 1 state backup\n" msgstr "# ifconfig em0 vhid 1 state backup\n" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2283 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2369 msgid "" "Once the configuration is complete, either restart networking or reboot each " "system. High availability is now enabled." msgstr "" "Una vez completada la configuración, reinicia la red o reinicia cada " "sistema. Ahora la alta disponibilidad está habilitada." #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2286 msgid "" "CARP functionality can be controlled via several man:sysctl[8] variables " "documented in the man:carp[4] manual pages. Other actions can be triggered " "from CARP events by using man:devd[8]." msgstr "" "La funcionalidad CARP se puede controlar mediante varias variables de man:" "sysctl[8] que están documentadas en las páginas de manual man:carp[4]. Se " "pueden disparar otras acciones a partir de eventos CARP usando man:devd[8]." #. type: Title === #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2288 #, no-wrap msgid "Using CARP on FreeBSD 9 and Earlier" msgstr "Usando CARP en FreeBSD 9 y Anteriores" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2291 msgid "" "The configuration for these versions of FreeBSD is similar to the one " "described in the previous section, except that a CARP device must first be " "created and referred to in the configuration." msgstr "" "La configuración para estas versiones de FreeBSD es similar a la descrita en " "la sección previa, excepto que se tiene que crear primero un dispositivo " "CARP y hacer referencia a él en la configuración." #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2293 msgid "" "Enable boot-time support for CARP by loading the [.filename]#if_carp.ko# " "kernel module in [.filename]#/boot/loader.conf#:" msgstr "" "Activa el soporte de CARP al arrancar cargando el módulo del kernel [." "filename]#if_carp.ko# en [.filename]#/boot/loader.conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2297 #, no-wrap msgid "if_carp_load=\"YES\"\n" msgstr "if_carp_load=\"YES\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2314 msgid "Next, on each host, create a CARP device:" msgstr "Después, en cada host, crea un dispositivo CARP:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2318 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig carp0 create\n" msgstr "# ifconfig carp0 create\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2323 msgid "" "Set the hostname, management IP address, the shared IP address, and VHID by " "adding the required lines to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#. Since a virtual " "CARP device is used instead of an alias, the actual subnet mask of `/24` is " "used instead of `/32`. Here are the entries for `hosta.example.org`:" msgstr "" "Establece el nombre de host, dirección IP de gestión, dirección IP " "compartida, y VHID añadiendo las líneas necesarias a [.filename]#/etc/rc." "conf#. Puesto que se usa un dispositivo CARP virtual en lugar de un alias, " "se usa la máscara de subred `/24` en lugar de `/32`. Aquí están las entradas " "para `hosta.example.org`:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2330 #, no-wrap msgid "" "hostname=\"hosta.example.org\"\n" "ifconfig_fxp0=\"inet 192.168.1.3 netmask 255.255.255.0\"\n" "cloned_interfaces=\"carp0\"\n" "ifconfig_carp0=\"vhid 1 pass testpass 192.168.1.50/24\"\n" msgstr "" "hostname=\"hosta.example.org\"\n" "ifconfig_fxp0=\"inet 192.168.1.3 netmask 255.255.255.0\"\n" "cloned_interfaces=\"carp0\"\n" "ifconfig_carp0=\"vhid 1 pass testpass 192.168.1.50/24\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2333 msgid "On `hostb.example.org`:" msgstr "En `hostb.example.org`:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2340 #, no-wrap msgid "" "hostname=\"hostb.example.org\"\n" "ifconfig_fxp0=\"inet 192.168.1.4 netmask 255.255.255.0\"\n" "cloned_interfaces=\"carp0\"\n" "ifconfig_carp0=\"vhid 2 pass testpass 192.168.1.51/24\"\n" msgstr "" "hostname=\"hostb.example.org\"\n" "ifconfig_fxp0=\"inet 192.168.1.4 netmask 255.255.255.0\"\n" "cloned_interfaces=\"carp0\"\n" "ifconfig_carp0=\"vhid 2 pass testpass 192.168.1.51/24\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2343 msgid "" "The third machine, `hostc.example.org`, is configured to handle failover " "from either of the master hosts:" msgstr "" "La tercera máquina, `hostc.example.org`, se configura para manejar el " "failover de cualquiera de los hosts maestros:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2351 #, no-wrap msgid "" "hostname=\"hostc.example.org\"\n" "ifconfig_fxp0=\"inet 192.168.1.5 netmask 255.255.255.0\"\n" "cloned_interfaces=\"carp0 carp1\"\n" "ifconfig_carp0=\"vhid 1 advskew 100 pass testpass 192.168.1.50/24\"\n" "ifconfig_carp1=\"vhid 2 advskew 100 pass testpass 192.168.1.51/24\"\n" msgstr "" "hostname=\"hostc.example.org\"\n" "ifconfig_fxp0=\"inet 192.168.1.5 netmask 255.255.255.0\"\n" "cloned_interfaces=\"carp0 carp1\"\n" "ifconfig_carp0=\"vhid 1 advskew 100 pass testpass 192.168.1.50/24\"\n" "ifconfig_carp1=\"vhid 2 advskew 100 pass testpass 192.168.1.51/24\"\n" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2358 msgid "" "Preemption is disabled in the [.filename]#GENERIC# FreeBSD kernel. If " "preemption has been enabled with a custom kernel, `hostc.example.org` may " "not release the IP address back to the original content server. The " "administrator can force the backup server to return the IP address to the " "master with the command:" msgstr "" "La preemptividad está deshabilitada en el kernel [.filename]#GENERIC# de " "FreeBSD. Si la preemptividad se ha habilitado con un kernel personalizado " "`hostc.example.org` podría no devolver la dirección IP al servidor original. " "El administrador puede forzar que el servidor de reemplazo devuelve al " "dirección IP al maestro con el comando:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2362 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig carp0 down && ifconfig carp0 up\n" msgstr "# ifconfig carp0 down && ifconfig carp0 up\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2365 msgid "" "This should be done on the [.filename]#carp# interface which corresponds to " "the correct host." msgstr "" "Esto se debería hacer en la interfaz [.filename]#carp# que se corresponda " "con el host correcto." #. type: Title == #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2371 #, no-wrap msgid "VLANs" msgstr "VLANs" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2375 msgid "" "VLANs are a way of virtually dividing up a network into many different " "subnetworks, also referred to as segmenting. Each segment will have its own " "broadcast domain and be isolated from other VLANs." msgstr "" "VLANs son una forma de dividir una red de forma virtual en muchas subredes " "diferentes, también llamado segmentación. Cada segmento tendrá su dominio " "broadcast y está aislado de otras VLANs." #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2378 msgid "" "On FreeBSD, VLANs must be supported by the network card driver. To see " "which drivers support vlans, refer to the man:vlan[4] manual page." msgstr "" "En FreeBSD, las VLANs tienen que estar soportadas por el controlador de la " "tarjeta de red. Para ver qué controladores soportan vlans, consulta la " "página de manual man:vlan[4]." #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2381 msgid "" "When configuring a VLAN, a couple pieces of information must be known. " "First, which network interface? Second, what is the VLAN tag?" msgstr "" "Cuando se configura una VLAN, se tienen que conocer un par de datos. " "Primero, ¿qué interfaz de red? Segundo, ¿cuál es la etiqueta de la VLAN?" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2383 msgid "" "To configure VLANs at run time, with a NIC of `em0` and a VLAN tag of `5` " "the command would look like this:" msgstr "" "Para configurar una VLAN en tiempo de ejecución, con un NIC de `em0` y una " "etiqueta de VLAN de `5` el comando se parecería a este:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2387 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig em0.5 create vlan 5 vlandev em0 inet 192.168.20.20/24\n" msgstr "# ifconfig em0.5 create vlan 5 vlandev em0 inet 192.168.20.20/24\n" #. type: delimited block = 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2392 msgid "" "See how the interface name includes the NIC driver name and the VLAN tag, " "separated by a period? This is a best practice to make maintaining the VLAN " "configuration easy when many VLANs are present on a machine." msgstr "" "¿Te has fijado en cómo el nombre de la interfaz incluye el nombre del " "controlador del NIC y la etiqueta VLAN, separados por un punto? Esta es la " "mejor forma de mantener la configuración de la VLAN sencilla cuando hay " "muchas VLANs en la máquina." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2396 msgid "" "To configure VLANs at boot time, [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# must be updated. " "To duplicate the configuration above, the following will need to be added:" msgstr "" "Para configurar VLANs en el arranque, se tiene que actualizar [.filename]#/" "etc/rc.conf#. Para duplicar la configuración de arriba, se tiene que añadir " "lo siguiente:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2401 #, no-wrap msgid "" "vlans_em0=\"5\"\n" "ifconfig_em0_5=\"inet 192.168.20.20/24\"\n" msgstr "" "vlans_em0=\"5\"\n" "ifconfig_em0_5=\"inet 192.168.20.20/24\"\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2404 msgid "" "Additional VLANs may be added, by simply adding the tag to the `vlans_em0` " "field and adding an additional line configuring the network on that VLAN " "tag's interface." msgstr "" "Se pueden añadir VLANs adicionales, simplemente añadiendo la etiqueta al " "campo `vlans_em0` y añadiendo una línea adicional configurando la red en la " "interfaz de esa etiqueta VLAN." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2408 msgid "" "It is useful to assign a symbolic name to an interface so that when the " "associated hardware is changed, only a few configuration variables need to " "be updated. For example, security cameras need to be run over VLAN 1 on " "`em0`. Later, if the `em0` card is replaced with a card that uses the man:" "ixgb[4] driver, all references to `em0.1` will not have to change to " "`ixgb0.1`." msgstr "" "Es útil asignar un nombre simbólico a una interfaz de forma que cuando el " "hardware asociado cambie, sólo se necesiten actualizar unas pocas variables " "de configuración. Por ejemplo, las cámaras de seguridad necesitan ejecutarse " "sobre VLAN 1 en `em0`. Después, si la tarjeta `em0` es reemplazada con una " "tarjeta que utiliza el controlador man:ixgb[4], no habrá que cambiar a " "`ixgb0.1` todas las referencias a `em0.1`." #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2410 msgid "" "To configure VLAN `5`, on the NIC `em0`, assign the interface name " "`cameras`, and assign the interface an IP address of `_192.168.20.20_` with " "a `24`-bit prefix, use this command:" msgstr "" "Para configurar la VLAN `5`, en el NIC `em0`, asigna el nombre de interfaz " "`cameras`, y asignar al interfaz la dirección IP `_192.168.20.20_` con un " "prefijo de `24` bits, usa este comando:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2414 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig em0.5 create vlan 5 vlandev em0 name cameras inet 192.168.20.20/24\n" msgstr "# ifconfig em0.5 create vlan 5 vlandev em0 name cameras inet 192.168.20.20/24\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2417 msgid "For an interface named `video`, use the following:" msgstr "Para un interfaz llamado `video`, usa lo siguiente:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2421 #, no-wrap msgid "# ifconfig video.5 create vlan 5 vlandev video name cameras inet 192.168.20.20/24\n" msgstr "# ifconfig video.5 create vlan 5 vlandev video name cameras inet 192.168.20.20/24\n" #. type: Plain text #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2424 msgid "" "To apply the changes at boot time, add the following lines to [.filename]#/" "etc/rc.conf#:" msgstr "" "Para aplicar los cambios en el arranque, añade las siguientes líneas a [." "filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #. type: delimited block . 4 #: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/advanced-networking/_index.adoc:2430 #, no-wrap msgid "" "vlans_video=\"cameras\"\n" "create_args_cameras=\"vlan 5\"\n" "ifconfig_cameras=\"inet 192.168.20.20/24\"\n" msgstr "" "vlans_video=\"cameras\"\n" "create_args_cameras=\"vlan 5\"\n" "ifconfig_cameras=\"inet 192.168.20.20/24\"\n" #~ msgid "How to set up IPv6 on a FreeBSD machine." #~ msgstr "Cómo configurar IPv6 en una máquina FreeBSD." #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Wireless Networking" #~ msgstr "Redes Inalámbricas" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Wireless Networking Basics" #~ msgstr "Fundamentos de Redes Inalámbricas" #~ msgid "" #~ "Most wireless networks are based on the IEEE(R) 802.11 standards. A " #~ "basic wireless network consists of multiple stations communicating with " #~ "radios that broadcast in either the 2.4GHz or 5GHz band, though this " #~ "varies according to the locale and is also changing to enable " #~ "communication in the 2.3GHz and 4.9GHz ranges." #~ msgstr "" #~ "La mayoría de las redes inalámbricas se basan en los estándares IEEE(R) " #~ "802.11. Una red inalámbrica básica consiste en varias estaciones que se " #~ "comunican con radios que emiten en las bandas de 2.4GHz o 5GHz, aunque " #~ "esto varía dependiendo del locale y también está cambiando para habilitar " #~ "la comunicación en los rangos 2.3GHz y 4.9GHz." #~ msgid "" #~ "802.11 networks are organized in two ways. In _infrastructure mode_, one " #~ "station acts as a master with all the other stations associating to it, " #~ "the network is known as a BSS, and the master station is termed an access " #~ "point (AP). In a BSS, all communication passes through the AP; even when " #~ "one station wants to communicate with another wireless station, messages " #~ "must go through the AP. In the second form of network, there is no " #~ "master and stations communicate directly. This form of network is termed " #~ "an IBSS and is commonly known as an _ad-hoc network_." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Las redes 802.11 se organizan de dos maneras. En el _modo " #~ "infraestructura_, una estación actúa como maestro y las demás estaciones " #~ "se asocian a ella, la red se conoce como un BSS, y la estación maestra se " #~ "denomina punto de acceso (AP). En un BSS, toda la comunicación pasa a " #~ "través del AP; incluso cuando una estación se quiere comunicar con otra " #~ "estación inalámbrica, los mensajes deben ir a través del AP. En el " #~ "segundo modo de la red, no hay maestro y las estaciones se comunican " #~ "directamente. Esta forma de red se denomina IBSS y se conoce comúnmente " #~ "como una _red ad-hoc_." #~ msgid "" #~ "802.11 networks were first deployed in the 2.4GHz band using protocols " #~ "defined by the IEEE(R) 802.11 and 802.11b standard. These specifications " #~ "include the operating frequencies and the MAC layer characteristics, " #~ "including framing and transmission rates, as communication can occur at " #~ "various rates. Later, the 802.11a standard defined operation in the 5GHz " #~ "band, including different signaling mechanisms and higher transmission " #~ "rates. Still later, the 802.11g standard defined the use of 802.11a " #~ "signaling and transmission mechanisms in the 2.4GHz band in such a way as " #~ "to be backwards compatible with 802.11b networks." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Las redes 802.11 se desplegaron por primera vez en la banda 2.4GHz usando " #~ "protocolos definidos por los estándares 802.11 y 802.11b de IEEE(R). " #~ "Estas especificaciones incluyen las frecuencias de operación y las " #~ "características de la capa MAC, incluyendo las tasas \"framing\" y de " #~ "transmisión, ya que la comunicación puede ocurrir a diferentes " #~ "velocidades. Posteriormente el estándar 802.11a definió la operación en " #~ "la banda 5GHz, incluyendo diferentes mecanismos de señalización y tasas " #~ "de transmisión más elevadas. Algo más tarde, el estándar 802.11g definió " #~ "el uso de los mecanismos de transmisión y señalización de 802.11a en la " #~ "banda de 2.4GHz de tal modo que fuera compatible hacia atrás con las " #~ "redes 802.11b." #~ msgid "" #~ "Separate from the underlying transmission techniques, 802.11 networks " #~ "have a variety of security mechanisms. The original 802.11 " #~ "specifications defined a simple security protocol called WEP. This " #~ "protocol uses a fixed pre-shared key and the RC4 cryptographic cipher to " #~ "encode data transmitted on a network. Stations must all agree on the " #~ "fixed key in order to communicate. This scheme was shown to be easily " #~ "broken and is now rarely used except to discourage transient users from " #~ "joining networks. Current security practice is given by the IEEE(R) " #~ "802.11i specification that defines new cryptographic ciphers and an " #~ "additional protocol to authenticate stations to an access point and " #~ "exchange keys for data communication. Cryptographic keys are " #~ "periodically refreshed and there are mechanisms for detecting and " #~ "countering intrusion attempts. Another security protocol specification " #~ "commonly used in wireless networks is termed WPA, which was a precursor " #~ "to 802.11i. WPA specifies a subset of the requirements found in 802.11i " #~ "and is designed for implementation on legacy hardware. Specifically, WPA " #~ "requires only the TKIP cipher that is derived from the original WEP " #~ "cipher. 802.11i permits use of TKIP but also requires support for a " #~ "stronger cipher, AES-CCM, for encrypting data. The AES cipher was not " #~ "required in WPA because it was deemed too computationally costly to be " #~ "implemented on legacy hardware." #~ msgstr "" #~ "De forma separada de las técnicas de transmisión subyacentes, las redes " #~ "802.11 tienen un conjunto de mecanismos de seguridad. Las " #~ "especificaciones 802.11 originales definían un protocolo de seguridad " #~ "sencillo denominado WEP. Este protocolo utiliza una clave compartida " #~ "prefijada y el codificador criptográfico RC4 para codificar los datos " #~ "transmitidos por la red. Todas las estaciones deben ponerse de acuerdo en " #~ "la clave fijada para poder comunicarse. Se ha demostrado que este esquema " #~ "se puede romper fácilmente y actualmente no se usa salvo para " #~ "desaconsejar a algunos usuarios que se conecten a algunas redes. La " #~ "práctica de seguridad actual se fija por la especificación IEEE(R) " #~ "802.11i que define nuevos codificadores criptográficos y un protocolo " #~ "adicional para autenticar estaciones contra un punto de acceso e " #~ "intercambiar claves para realizar la comunicación. Las claves " #~ "criptográficas se refrescan periódicamente y hay mecanismos para detectar " #~ "y contrarrestar intentos de intrusión. Otra especificación de protocolo " #~ "de seguridad que se usa en redes inalámbricas habitualmente se denomina " #~ "WPA, que fue un precursos de 802.11i. WPA especifica un subconjunto de " #~ "los requisitos que se encuentran en 802.11i y está diseñado para poder se " #~ "implementado en hardware heredado. Específicamente, WPA sólo requiere el " #~ "codificador TKIP que se deriva del codificador original WEP. 802.11i " #~ "permite el uso de TKIP pero también requiere soporte para un codificador " #~ "más fuerte, AES-CCM, para encriptar los datos. El codificador AES no era " #~ "necesario en WPA porque se consideraba demasiado costoso " #~ "computacionalmente como para se implementado en hardware heredado." #~ msgid "" #~ "The other standard to be aware of is 802.11e. It defines protocols for " #~ "deploying multimedia applications, such as streaming video and voice over " #~ "IP (VoIP), in an 802.11 network. Like 802.11i, 802.11e also has a " #~ "precursor specification termed WME (later renamed WMM) that has been " #~ "defined by an industry group as a subset of 802.11e that can be deployed " #~ "now to enable multimedia applications while waiting for the final " #~ "ratification of 802.11e. The most important thing to know about 802.11e " #~ "and WME/WMM is that it enables prioritized traffic over a wireless " #~ "network through Quality of Service (QoS) protocols and enhanced media " #~ "access protocols. Proper implementation of these protocols enables high " #~ "speed bursting of data and prioritized traffic flow." #~ msgstr "" #~ "El otro estándar que hay que considerar es 802.11e. Define protocolos " #~ "para desplegar aplicaciones multimedia, como streaming de voz y vídeo " #~ "sobre IP (VoIP), en una red 802.11. Al igual que 802.11i, 802.11e también " #~ "tiene una especificación precedente llamada WME (posteriormente " #~ "renombrada a WMM) que ha sido definida por un grupo industrial como un " #~ "subconjunto de 802.11e que se puede desplegar actualmente para habilitar " #~ "aplicaciones multimedia mientras se espera a la ratificación final de " #~ "802.11e. Lo más importante que hay que saber acerca de 802.11e y WME/WMM " #~ "es que habilita la priorización de tráfico sobre redes inalámbricas " #~ "mediante protocolos de tipo Calidad de Servicio (QoS) y mejora los " #~ "protocolos de acceso a medios. La implementación adecuada de estos " #~ "protocolos habilita los picos de datos de alta velocidad y flujos de " #~ "tráfico priorizados." #~ msgid "" #~ "FreeBSD supports networks that operate using 802.11a, 802.11b, and " #~ "802.11g. The WPA and 802.11i security protocols are likewise supported " #~ "(in conjunction with any of 11a, 11b, and 11g) and QoS and traffic " #~ "prioritization required by the WME/WMM protocols are supported for a " #~ "limited set of wireless devices." #~ msgstr "" #~ "FreeBSD soporta redes que operan usando 802.11a, 802.11b, y 802.11g. Los " #~ "protocolos de seguridad WPA y 802.11i también están soportados (junto con " #~ "cualquiera de 11a, 11b, y 11g) y QoS y la priorización de tráfico " #~ "necesarios para los protocolos WME/WMM están soportados para un conjunto " #~ "limitado de dispositivos inalámbricos." #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Quick Start" #~ msgstr "Inicio rápido" #~ msgid "" #~ "Connecting a computer to an existing wireless network is a very common " #~ "situation. This procedure shows the steps required." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Conectar un ordenador a una red inalámbrica existente es una situación " #~ "muy común. Este procedimiento muestra los pasos necesarios." #~ msgid "" #~ "Obtain the SSID (Service Set Identifier) and PSK (Pre-Shared Key) for the " #~ "wireless network from the network administrator." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Obtén el SSID (Service Set Identifier) y PSK (Pre-Shared Key) para la red " #~ "inalámbrica a través del administrador de la red." #~ msgid "" #~ "Identify the wireless adapter. The FreeBSD [.filename]#GENERIC# kernel " #~ "includes drivers for many common wireless adapters. If the wireless " #~ "adapter is one of those models, it will be listed in the man:sysctl[8] " #~ "`net.wlan.devices` variable:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Identifica el adaptador inalámbrico. El kernel [.filename]#GENERIC# de " #~ "FreeBSD incluye controladores para muchos adaptadores inalámbricos " #~ "habituales. Si el adaptador inalámbrico es uno de esos modelos aparecerá " #~ "en la lista de la variable `net.wlan.devices` de man:sysctl[8]:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "% sysctl net.wlan.devices\n" #~ msgstr "% sysctl net.wlan.devices\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "If a wireless adapter is not listed, an additional kernel module might be " #~ "required, or it might be a model not supported by FreeBSD." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Si un adaptador inalámbrico no aparece en la lista, podrían ser " #~ "necesarios módulos adicionales para el kernel, o podría ser un modelo no " #~ "soportado por FreeBSD." #~ msgid "This example shows the Atheros `ath0` wireless adapter." #~ msgstr "Este ejemplo muestra el adaptador inalámbrico Atheros `ath0`." #~ msgid "" #~ "Add an entry for this network to [.filename]#/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf#. " #~ "If the file does not exist, create it. Replace _myssid_ and _mypsk_ with " #~ "the SSID and PSK provided by the network administrator." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Añade una entrada para esta red en [.filename]#/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf#. " #~ "Si el fichero no existe, créalo. Sustituye _myssid_ y _mypsk_ con el SSID " #~ "y el PSK proporcionado por el administrador de red." #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "network={\n" #~ "\tssid=\"myssid\"\n" #~ "\tpsk=\"mypsk\"\n" #~ "}\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "network={\n" #~ "\tssid=\"myssid\"\n" #~ "\tpsk=\"mypsk\"\n" #~ "}\n" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" #~ "ifconfig_wlan0=\"WPA SYNCDHCP\"\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" #~ "ifconfig_wlan0=\"WPA SYNCDHCP\"\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "Restart the computer, or restart the network service to connect to the " #~ "network:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Reinicia el ordenador, o reinicia el servicio de red para conectar a la " #~ "red:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "# service netif restart\n" #~ msgstr "# service netif restart\n" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Basic Setup" #~ msgstr "Configuración Básica" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Kernel Configuration" #~ msgstr "Configuración del kernel" #~ msgid "" #~ "To use wireless networking, a wireless networking card is needed and the " #~ "kernel needs to be configured with the appropriate wireless networking " #~ "support. The kernel is separated into multiple modules so that only the " #~ "required support needs to be configured." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Para usar redes inalámbricas, se necesita una tarjeta de red inalámbrica " #~ "y el kernel necesita estar configurado con el soporte de red apropiado " #~ "para redes inalámbricas. El kernel está separado en múltiples módulos de " #~ "forma que sólo se necesita configurar el suporte necesario." #~ msgid "" #~ "The most commonly used wireless devices are those that use parts made by " #~ "Atheros. These devices are supported by man:ath[4] and require the " #~ "following line to be added to [.filename]#/boot/loader.conf#:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Los dispositivos inalámbricos más utilizados son aquellos que utilizan " #~ "partes fabricadas por Atheros. Estos dispositivos están soportados por " #~ "man:ath[4] y requieren la siguiente línea en [.filename]#/boot/loader." #~ "conf#:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "if_ath_load=\"YES\"\n" #~ msgstr "if_ath_load=\"YES\"\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "The Atheros driver is split up into three separate pieces: the driver " #~ "(man:ath[4]), the hardware support layer that handles chip-specific " #~ "functions (man:ath_hal[4]), and an algorithm for selecting the rate for " #~ "transmitting frames. When this support is loaded as kernel modules, any " #~ "dependencies are automatically handled. To load support for a different " #~ "type of wireless device, specify the module for that device. This " #~ "example is for devices based on the Intersil Prism parts (man:wi[4]) " #~ "driver:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "El controlador Atheros está separado en tres piezas independientes: el " #~ "controlador (man:ath[4]), la capa de soporte hardware que maneja " #~ "funciones específicas del chip (man:ath_hal[4]), y el algoritmo para " #~ "seleccionar la tasa de transmisión de marcos (frames). Cuando se carga " #~ "este soporte como módulos del kernel, cualquier dependencia se maneja de " #~ "forma automática. Para cargar soporte para un tipo de dispositivo " #~ "inalámbrico distinto, especifica el módulo para dicho dispositivo. Este " #~ "ejemplo es para dispositivos basados en el controlador Intersil Prism " #~ "(man:wi[i]):" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "if_wi_load=\"YES\"\n" #~ msgstr "if_wi_load=\"YES\"\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "The examples in this section use an man:ath[4] device and the device name " #~ "in the examples must be changed according to the configuration. A list " #~ "of available wireless drivers and supported adapters can be found in the " #~ "FreeBSD Hardware Notes, available on the https://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/" #~ "[Release Information] page of the FreeBSD website. If a native FreeBSD " #~ "driver for the wireless device does not exist, it may be possible to use " #~ "the Windows(R) driver with the help of the crossref:config[config-network-" #~ "ndis,NDIS] driver wrapper." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Los ejemplos en esta sección utilizan un dispositivo man:ath[4] y el " #~ "nombre del dispositivo en los ejemplos se debe cambiar de acuerdo con la " #~ "configuración. Se puede encontrar una lista de los controladores " #~ "inalámbricos disponibles así como los adaptadores soportados en las Notas " #~ "de Hardware de FreeBSD en la página https://www.FreeBSD.org/releases/" #~ "[Release Information] del sitio web de FreeBSD. Si no existe un " #~ "controlador nativo de FreeBSD para el dispositivo inalámbrico, podría ser " #~ "posible utilizar el controlador de Windows(R) con la ayuda del adaptador " #~ "de controladores .crossref:config[config-network-ndis,NDIS]." #~ msgid "" #~ "In addition, the modules that implement cryptographic support for the " #~ "security protocols to use must be loaded. These are intended to be " #~ "dynamically loaded on demand by the man:wlan[4] module, but for now they " #~ "must be manually configured. The following modules are available: man:" #~ "wlan_wep[4], man:wlan_ccmp[4], and man:wlan_tkip[4]. The man:" #~ "wlan_ccmp[4] and man:wlan_tkip[4] drivers are only needed when using the " #~ "WPA or 802.11i security protocols. If the network does not use " #~ "encryption, man:wlan_wep[4] support is not needed. To load these modules " #~ "at boot time, add the following lines to [.filename]#/boot/loader.conf#:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Además, se tienen que cargar los módulos que implementan el soporte " #~ "criptográfico para los protocolos de seguridad. Estos están pensados para " #~ "ser cargados dinámicamente bajo demanda por el módulo man:wlan[4], pero " #~ "por el momento se deben configurar manualmente. Los siguientes módulos " #~ "están disponibles: man:wlan_wep[4], man:wlan_ccmp[4], y man:wlan_tkip[4]. " #~ "Los constroladores man:wlan_ccmp[4] y man:wlan_tkip[4] sólo son " #~ "necesarios cuando se utilizan protocolos de seguridad WPA o 802.11i. Si " #~ "la red no soporta encriptación, no se necesita man:wlan_wep[4]. Para " #~ "cargar estos módulos en el arranque, añade las siguientes líneas a [." #~ "filename]#/boot/loader.conf#:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "wlan_wep_load=\"YES\"\n" #~ "wlan_ccmp_load=\"YES\"\n" #~ "wlan_tkip_load=\"YES\"\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "wlan_wep_load=\"YES\"\n" #~ "wlan_ccmp_load=\"YES\"\n" #~ "wlan_tkip_load=\"YES\"\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "Once this information has been added to [.filename]#/boot/loader.conf#, " #~ "reboot the FreeBSD box. Alternately, load the modules by hand using man:" #~ "kldload[8]." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Una vez que se ha añadido esta información a [.filename]#/boot/loader." #~ "conf#, reinicia la máquina FreeBSD. De forma alternativa, carga los " #~ "módulos a mano utilizando man:kldload[8]." #~ msgid "" #~ "For users who do not want to use modules, it is possible to compile these " #~ "drivers into the kernel by adding the following lines to a custom kernel " #~ "configuration file:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Para usuarios que no quieren usar módulos, es posible compilar estos " #~ "controladores en el kernel añadiendo las siguientes líneas al fichero de " #~ "configuración de un kernel personalizado:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "device wlan # 802.11 support\n" #~ "device wlan_wep # 802.11 WEP support\n" #~ "device wlan_ccmp # 802.11 CCMP support\n" #~ "device wlan_tkip # 802.11 TKIP support\n" #~ "device wlan_amrr # AMRR transmit rate control algorithm\n" #~ "device ath # Atheros pci/cardbus NIC's\n" #~ "device ath_hal # pci/cardbus chip support\n" #~ "options AH_SUPPORT_AR5416 # enable AR5416 tx/rx descriptors\n" #~ "device ath_rate_sample # SampleRate tx rate control for ath\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "device wlan # 802.11 support\n" #~ "device wlan_wep # 802.11 WEP support\n" #~ "device wlan_ccmp # 802.11 CCMP support\n" #~ "device wlan_tkip # 802.11 TKIP support\n" #~ "device wlan_amrr # AMRR transmit rate control algorithm\n" #~ "device ath # Atheros pci/cardbus NIC's\n" #~ "device ath_hal # pci/cardbus chip support\n" #~ "options AH_SUPPORT_AR5416 # enable AR5416 tx/rx descriptors\n" #~ "device ath_rate_sample # SampleRate tx rate control for ath\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "With this information in the kernel configuration file, recompile the " #~ "kernel and reboot the FreeBSD machine." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Con esta información en el fichero de configuración del kernel, recompila " #~ "el kernel y reinicia la máquina FreeBSD." #~ msgid "" #~ "Information about the wireless device should appear in the boot messages, " #~ "like this:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "En los mensajes de arranque debería aparecer información como esta acerca " #~ "del dispositivo inalámbrico:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "ath0: mem 0x88000000-0x8800ffff irq 11 at device 0.0 on cardbus1\n" #~ "ath0: [ITHREAD]\n" #~ "ath0: AR2413 mac 7.9 RF2413 phy 4.5\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "ath0: mem 0x88000000-0x8800ffff irq 11 at device 0.0 on cardbus1\n" #~ "ath0: [ITHREAD]\n" #~ "ath0: AR2413 mac 7.9 RF2413 phy 4.5\n" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Setting the Correct Region" #~ msgstr "Estableciendo la Región Correcta" #~ msgid "" #~ "Since the regulatory situation is different in various parts of the " #~ "world, it is necessary to correctly set the domains that apply to your " #~ "location to have the correct information about what channels can be used." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Como la situación regulatoria es diferente en varios puntos del mundo, es " #~ "necesario establecer correctamente los dominios que aplican a tu " #~ "localización para así tener información correcta sobre los canales que se " #~ "pueden utilizar." #~ msgid "" #~ "The available region definitions can be found in [.filename]#/etc/" #~ "regdomain.xml#. To set the data at runtime, use `ifconfig`:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Se pueden encontrar las definiciones de las regiones disponibles en [." #~ "filename]#/etc/regdomain.xml#. Para establecer datos en tiempo de " #~ "ejecución, usa `ifconfig`:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "# ifconfig wlan0 regdomain ETSI country AT\n" #~ msgstr "# ifconfig wlan0 regdomain ETSI country AT\n" #~ msgid "To persist the settings, add it to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Para hacer los cambios persistentes, añádelos a [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "# sysrc create_args_wlan0=\"country AT regdomain ETSI\"\n" #~ msgstr "# sysrc create_args_wlan0=\"country AT regdomain ETSI\"\n" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Infrastructure Mode" #~ msgstr "Modo Infraestructura" #~ msgid "" #~ "Infrastructure (BSS) mode is the mode that is typically used. In this " #~ "mode, a number of wireless access points are connected to a wired " #~ "network. Each wireless network has its own name, called the SSID. " #~ "Wireless clients connect to the wireless access points." #~ msgstr "" #~ "El modo infraestructura (BSS) es el modo que se utiliza habitualmente. En " #~ "este modo, un número de puntos de acceso inalámbrico se conectan a una " #~ "red por cable. Cada red inalámbrica tiene su propio nombre, llamado SSID. " #~ "Los clientes inalámbricos se conectan a los puntos de acceso inalámbricos." #, no-wrap #~ msgid "FreeBSD Clients" #~ msgstr "Clientes FreeBSD" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "How to Find Access Points" #~ msgstr "Cómo Encontrar Puntos de Acceso" #~ msgid "" #~ "To scan for available networks, use man:ifconfig[8]. This request may " #~ "take a few moments to complete as it requires the system to switch to " #~ "each available wireless frequency and probe for available access points. " #~ "Only the superuser can initiate a scan:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Para escanear redes disponibles, usa man:ifconfig[8]. Esta petición puede " #~ "tardar un poco en completarse ya que requiere que el sistema cambie para " #~ "cada una de las frecuencias inalámbricas disponibles y escanee puntos de " #~ "acceso disponibles. Sólo el super usuario puede iniciar un escaneo:" #, fuzzy, no-wrap #~| msgid "" #~| "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0\n" #~| "# ifconfig wlan0 up scan\n" #~| "SSID/MESH ID BSSID CHAN RATE S:N INT CAPS\n" #~| "dlinkap 00:13:46:49:41:76 11 54M -90:96 100 EPS WPA WME\n" #~| "freebsdap 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac 1 54M -83:96 100 EPS WPA\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0\n" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0 up\n" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0 scan\n" #~ "SSID/MESH ID BSSID CHAN RATE S:N INT CAPS\n" #~ "dlinkap 00:13:46:49:41:76 11 54M -90:96 100 EPS WPA WME\n" #~ "freebsdap 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac 1 54M -83:96 100 EPS WPA\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0\n" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0 up scan\n" #~ "SSID/MESH ID BSSID CHAN RATE S:N INT CAPS\n" #~ "dlinkap 00:13:46:49:41:76 11 54M -90:96 100 EPS WPA WME\n" #~ "freebsdap 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac 1 54M -83:96 100 EPS WPA\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "The interface must be `up` before it can scan. Subsequent scan requests " #~ "do not require the interface to be marked as up again." #~ msgstr "" #~ "El interfaz debe estar levantado (`up`) para poder escanear. Escaneos " #~ "subsiguientes no necesitan que la interfaz se levante de nuevo." #~ msgid "" #~ "The output of a scan request lists each BSS/IBSS network found. Besides " #~ "listing the name of the network, the `SSID`, the output also shows the " #~ "`BSSID`, which is the MAC address of the access point. The `CAPS` field " #~ "identifies the type of each network and the capabilities of the stations " #~ "operating there (see the definition of `list scan` in man:ifconfig[8] for " #~ "more details)." #~ msgstr "" #~ "La salida de una petición de escaneo lista cada red BSS/IBSS encontrada. " #~ "Además de listar el nombre de la red, el `SSID`, la salida también " #~ "muestra el `BSSID`, que es la dirección MAC del punto de acceso. El campo " #~ "`CAPS` identifica el tipo de cada red y las capacidades de las estaciones " #~ "de operación (consulta la definición de `list scan` en man:ifconfig[8] " #~ "para más detalles)." #~ msgid "One can also display the current list of known networks with:" #~ msgstr "También se puede mostrar la lista actual de redes conocidas con:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "# ifconfig wlan0 list scan\n" #~ msgstr "# ifconfig wlan0 list scan\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "This information may be updated automatically by the adapter or manually " #~ "with a `scan` request. Old data is automatically removed from the cache, " #~ "so over time this list may shrink unless more scans are done." #~ msgstr "" #~ "La información puede ser actualizada automáticamente por el adaptador o " #~ "de forma manual con una petición `scan`. Los datos antiguos se eliminan " #~ "automáticamente de la caché, de forma que con el tiempo esta lista se " #~ "hace más pequeña a menos que se hagan más escaneos." #~ msgid "" #~ "This section provides a simple example of how to make the wireless " #~ "network adapter work in FreeBSD without encryption. Once familiar with " #~ "these concepts, it is strongly recommend to use <> to set up the wireless network." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Esta sección proporciona un ejemplo sencillo de cómo hacer que un " #~ "adaptador de red inalámbrico funcione en FreeBSD sin encriptación. Una " #~ "vez familiarizados con estos conceptos, se recomienda encarecidamente " #~ "usar <> para configurar la red inalámbrica." #~ msgid "" #~ "There are three basic steps to configure a wireless network: select an " #~ "access point, authenticate the station, and configure an IP address. The " #~ "following sections discuss each step." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Hay tres pasos básicos para configurar una red inalámbrica: seleccionar " #~ "el punto de acceso, autenticar la estación, y configurar una dirección " #~ "IP. Las secciones siguientes discuten cada uno de los pasos." #~ msgid "====== Selecting an Access Point" #~ msgstr "====== Seleccionar un Punto de Acceso" #~ msgid "" #~ "Most of the time, it is sufficient to let the system choose an access " #~ "point using the builtin heuristics. This is the default behavior when an " #~ "interface is marked as up or it is listed in [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "La mayoría de las veces, es suficiente con dejar al sistema escoger un " #~ "punto de acceso utilizando las heurísticas integradas. Este es el " #~ "comportamiento por defecto cuando una interfaz se marca como levantada o " #~ "si está listada en [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" #~ "ifconfig_wlan0=\"DHCP\"\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" #~ "ifconfig_wlan0=\"DHCP\"\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "If there are multiple access points, a specific one can be selected by " #~ "its SSID:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Si hay varios puntos de acceso, se puede seleccionar uno específico por " #~ "su SSID:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" #~ "ifconfig_wlan0=\"ssid your_ssid_here DHCP\"\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" #~ "ifconfig_wlan0=\"ssid your_ssid_here DHCP\"\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "In an environment where there are multiple access points with the same " #~ "SSID, which is often done to simplify roaming, it may be necessary to " #~ "associate to one specific device. In this case, the BSSID of the access " #~ "point can be specified, with or without the SSID:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "En entornos donde hay varios puntos de acceso con el mismo SSID, que es " #~ "algo habitual para simplificar el roaming, podría ser necesario asociar " #~ "con un dispositivo específico. En este caso, se puede especificar el " #~ "BSSID del punto de acceso, con o sin el SSID:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" #~ "ifconfig_wlan0=\"ssid your_ssid_here bssid xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx DHCP\"\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" #~ "ifconfig_wlan0=\"ssid your_ssid_here bssid xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx DHCP\"\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "There are other ways to constrain the choice of an access point, such as " #~ "limiting the set of frequencies the system will scan on. This may be " #~ "useful for a multi-band wireless card as scanning all the possible " #~ "channels can be time-consuming. To limit operation to a specific band, " #~ "use the `mode` parameter:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Hay otras formas de limitar la elección de un punto de acceso, como " #~ "limitar el conjunto de frecuencias que puede escanear el sistema. Esto " #~ "podría ser útil para tarjetas inalámbricas multi-banda ya que escanear " #~ "todos los canales puede llevar mucho tiempo. Para limitar la operación a " #~ "una banda específica, utiliza el parámetro `mode`:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" #~ "ifconfig_wlan0=\"mode 11g ssid your_ssid_here DHCP\"\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" #~ "ifconfig_wlan0=\"mode 11g ssid your_ssid_here DHCP\"\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "This example will force the card to operate in 802.11g, which is defined " #~ "only for 2.4GHz frequencies so any 5GHz channels will not be considered. " #~ "This can also be achieved with the `channel` parameter, which locks " #~ "operation to one specific frequency, and the `chanlist` parameter, to " #~ "specify a list of channels for scanning. More information about these " #~ "parameters can be found in man:ifconfig[8]." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Este ejemplo forzará a la tarjeta a operar en 802.11g, que sólo se define " #~ "para frecuencias de 2.4GHz de forma que no se considerarán los canales de " #~ "5GHz. Esto también se puede hacer con el parámetro `channel`, que fija la " #~ "operación a una frecuencia específica, y el parámetro `chanlist`, para " #~ "especificar una lista de canales para escanear. Se puede encontrar más " #~ "información acerca de estos parámetros en man:ifconfig[8]." #~ msgid "====== Authentication" #~ msgstr "====== Autenticación" #~ msgid "" #~ "Once an access point is selected, the station needs to authenticate " #~ "before it can pass data. Authentication can happen in several ways. The " #~ "most common scheme, open authentication, allows any station to join the " #~ "network and communicate. This is the authentication to use for test " #~ "purposes the first time a wireless network is setup. Other schemes " #~ "require cryptographic handshakes to be completed before data traffic can " #~ "flow, either using pre-shared keys or secrets, or more complex schemes " #~ "that involve backend services such as RADIUS. Open authentication is the " #~ "default setting. The next most common setup is WPA-PSK, also known as " #~ "WPA Personal, which is described in <>." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Una vez que se ha seleccionado un punto de acceso, la estación necesita " #~ "autenticarse antes de que pueda pasar datos. La autenticación se puede " #~ "hacer de varias maneras. El esquema más común, autenticación abierta, " #~ "permite a cualquier estación unirse a la red y comunicarse. Esta es la " #~ "autenticación utilizada para realizar pruebas la primera vez que se " #~ "configura una red inalámbrica. Otros esquemas requieren que se completen " #~ "negociaciones criptográficas antes de que los datos puedan fluir, bien " #~ "utilizando claves o secretos previamente compartidos, o esquemas más " #~ "completos que involucran servicios de backend como RADIUS. La " #~ "autenticación abierta es la configuración por defecto. La siguiente " #~ "configuración más habitual es WPA-PSK, también conocida como WPA " #~ "Personal, que se describe en <>." #~ msgid "" #~ "If using an Apple(R) AirPort(R) Extreme base station for an access point, " #~ "shared-key authentication together with a WEP key needs to be " #~ "configured. This can be configured in [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# or by " #~ "using man:wpa_supplicant[8]. For a single AirPort(R) base station, " #~ "access can be configured with:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Si se usa una estación base Apple(R) AirPort(R) Extreme como punto de " #~ "acceso, se necesita configurar una clave WEP junto con autenticación de " #~ "clave compartida. Esto se puede configurar en [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# o " #~ "usando man:wpa_supplicant[8]. Para una única estación base AirPort(R), se " #~ "puede configurar el acceso con:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" #~ "ifconfig_wlan0=\"authmode shared wepmode on weptxkey 1 wepkey 01234567 DHCP\"\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" #~ "ifconfig_wlan0=\"authmode shared wepmode on weptxkey 1 wepkey 01234567 DHCP\"\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "In general, shared key authentication should be avoided because it uses " #~ "the WEP key material in a highly-constrained manner, making it even " #~ "easier to crack the key. If WEP must be used for compatibility with " #~ "legacy devices, it is better to use WEP with `open` authentication. More " #~ "information regarding WEP can be found in <>." #~ msgstr "" #~ "En general, se debería evitar utilizar la autenticación de clave " #~ "compartida porque utiliza la clave WEP de forma muy restringida, " #~ "haciéndola incluso más fácil de romper. Si se tiene que usar WEP por " #~ "compatibilidad con dispositivos heredados, es mejor usar WEP con " #~ "autenticación `open`. Se puede encontrar más información acerca de WEP en " #~ "<>." #~ msgid "====== Getting an IP Address with DHCP" #~ msgstr "====== Obteniendo una Dirección IP con DHCP" #~ msgid "" #~ "Once an access point is selected and the authentication parameters are " #~ "set, an IP address must be obtained in order to communicate. Most of the " #~ "time, the IP address is obtained via DHCP. To achieve that, edit [." #~ "filename]#/etc/rc.conf# and add `DHCP` to the configuration for the " #~ "device:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Una vez que se ha seleccionado un punto de acceso y se han configurado " #~ "los parámetros de autenticación, se necesita obtener una dirección IP " #~ "para poder comunicarse. La mayoría de las veces la dirección IP se " #~ "obtiene mediante DHCP. Para conseguirlo, edita [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# " #~ "y añade `DHCP` a la configuración del dispositivo:" #~ msgid "The wireless interface is now ready to bring up:" #~ msgstr "Ahora el interfaz inalámbrico está listo para ser levantado:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "# service netif start\n" #~ msgstr "# service netif start\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "Once the interface is running, use man:ifconfig[8] to see the status of " #~ "the interface [.filename]#ath0#:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Una vez que el interfaz se está ejecutando, utiliza man:ifconfig[8] para " #~ "ver el estado del interfaz [.filename]#ath0#:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0\n" #~ "wlan0: flags=8843 mtu 1500\n" #~ " ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62\n" #~ " inet 192.168.1.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255\n" #~ " media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet OFDM/54Mbps mode 11g\n" #~ " status: associated\n" #~ " ssid dlinkap channel 11 (2462 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:13:46:49:41:76\n" #~ " country US ecm authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpower 21.5 bmiss 7\n" #~ " scanvalid 60 bgscan bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7\n" #~ " roam:rate 5 protmode CTS wme burst\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0\n" #~ "wlan0: flags=8843 mtu 1500\n" #~ " ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62\n" #~ " inet 192.168.1.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255\n" #~ " media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet OFDM/54Mbps mode 11g\n" #~ " status: associated\n" #~ " ssid dlinkap channel 11 (2462 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:13:46:49:41:76\n" #~ " country US ecm authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpower 21.5 bmiss 7\n" #~ " scanvalid 60 bgscan bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7\n" #~ " roam:rate 5 protmode CTS wme burst\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "The `status: associated` line means that it is connected to the wireless " #~ "network. The `bssid 00:13:46:49:41:76` is the MAC address of the access " #~ "point and `authmode OPEN` indicates that the communication is not " #~ "encrypted." #~ msgstr "" #~ "La línea `status:associated` significa que está conectado a la red " #~ "inalámbrica. `bssid 00:13:46:49:41:76` es la dirección MAC del punto de " #~ "acceso y `authmode OPEN` indica que la comunicación no está encriptada." #~ msgid "====== Static IP Address" #~ msgstr "====== Dirección IP Estática" #~ msgid "" #~ "If an IP address cannot be obtained from a DHCP server, set a fixed IP " #~ "address. Replace the `DHCP` keyword shown above with the address " #~ "information. Be sure to retain any other parameters for selecting the " #~ "access point:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Si no se puede obtener una dirección IP de un servidor DHCP, establece " #~ "una dirección IP fija. Reemplaza la palabra clave `DHCP` mostrada arriba " #~ "con la información de la dirección. Asegúrate de mantener cualquier otro " #~ "parámetro para seleccionar el punto de acceso:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" #~ "ifconfig_wlan0=\"inet 192.168.1.100 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid your_ssid_here\"\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "wlans_ath0=\"wlan0\"\n" #~ "ifconfig_wlan0=\"inet 192.168.1.100 netmask 255.255.255.0 ssid your_ssid_here\"\n" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "WPA" #~ msgstr "WPA" #~ msgid "" #~ "Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a security protocol used together with " #~ "802.11 networks to address the lack of proper authentication and the " #~ "weakness of WEP. WPA leverages the 802.1X authentication protocol and " #~ "uses one of several ciphers instead of WEP for data integrity. The only " #~ "cipher required by WPA is the Temporary Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP). " #~ "TKIP is a cipher that extends the basic RC4 cipher used by WEP by adding " #~ "integrity checking, tamper detection, and measures for responding to " #~ "detected intrusions. TKIP is designed to work on legacy hardware with " #~ "only software modification. It represents a compromise that improves " #~ "security but is still not entirely immune to attack. WPA also specifies " #~ "the AES-CCMP cipher as an alternative to TKIP, and that is preferred when " #~ "possible. For this specification, the term WPA2 or RSN is commonly used." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) es un protocolo de seguridad utilizado junto " #~ "a redes 802.11 para atajar la falta de autenticación adecuada y las " #~ "debilidades de WEP. WPA utiliza el protocolo de autenticación 802.1X y " #~ "usa uno o varios encriptadores en lugar de WEP para favorecer la " #~ "integridad de los datos. El único encriptador requerido por WPA es el " #~ "Temporary Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP). TKIP es un encriptador que " #~ "extiende el encriptador básico RC4 usado por WEP y le añade comprobación " #~ "de integridad, detección de modificaciones, y medidas para responder a " #~ "las intrusiones detectadas. TKIP está diseñado para funcionar en hardware " #~ "heredado sólo con modificaciones software. Representa un compromiso que " #~ "mejora la seguridad pero que todavía no es inmune a ataques. WPA también " #~ "especifica en encriptador AES-CCMP como alternativa TKIP, y es el " #~ "preferido si es posible. Para esta especificación, los términos WPA2 o " #~ "RSN se usan comúnmente." #~ msgid "" #~ "WPA defines authentication and encryption protocols. Authentication is " #~ "most commonly done using one of two techniques: by 802.1X and a backend " #~ "authentication service such as RADIUS, or by a minimal handshake between " #~ "the station and the access point using a pre-shared secret. The former " #~ "is commonly termed WPA Enterprise and the latter is known as WPA " #~ "Personal. Since most people will not set up a RADIUS backend server for " #~ "their wireless network, WPA-PSK is by far the most commonly encountered " #~ "configuration for WPA." #~ msgstr "" #~ "WPA define protocolos de encriptación y autenticación. La autenticación " #~ "se hace habitualmente utilizando alguna de estas dos técnicas: usando " #~ "802.1X y un servicio de autenticación backend como RADIUS, o mediante una " #~ "negociación mínima entre la estación y el punto de acceso utilizando un " #~ "secreto previamente compartido. El primero se suele denominar WPA " #~ "Enterprise y el segundo se conoce como WPA Personal. Como la mayoría de " #~ "la gente no configurará un servidor RADIUS como backend para su red " #~ "inalámbrica, WPA-PSK es de lejos la configuración más habitual para WPA." #~ msgid "" #~ "The control of the wireless connection and the key negotiation or " #~ "authentication with a server is done using man:wpa_supplicant[8]. This " #~ "program requires a configuration file, [.filename]#/etc/wpa_supplicant." #~ "conf#, to run. More information regarding this file can be found in man:" #~ "wpa_supplicant.conf[5]." #~ msgstr "" #~ "El control de la conexión wireless y la negociación de la clave o la " #~ "autenticación con un servidor se realiza utilizando man:" #~ "wpa_supplicant[8]. Este programa requiere un fichero de configuración, [." #~ "filename]#/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf#, para ejecutarse. Se puede encontrar " #~ "más información acerca de este fichero en man:wpa_supplicant.conf[5]." #~ msgid "====== WPA-PSK" #~ msgstr "====== WPA-PSK" #~ msgid "" #~ "WPA-PSK, also known as WPA Personal, is based on a pre-shared key (PSK) " #~ "which is generated from a given password and used as the master key in " #~ "the wireless network. This means every wireless user will share the same " #~ "key. WPA-PSK is intended for small networks where the use of an " #~ "authentication server is not possible or desired." #~ msgstr "" #~ "WPA-PSK, también conocido como WPA Personal, se basa en una clave " #~ "previamente compartida (PSK) que se genera a partir de una contraseña " #~ "dada y se usa como clave maestra en la red inalámbrica. Esto significa " #~ "que cada usuario inalámbrico compartirá la misma clave. WPA-PSK está " #~ "pensado para redes pequeñas donde el uso de un servidor de autenticación " #~ "no es posible o deseable." #~ msgid "" #~ "Always use strong passwords that are sufficiently long and made from a " #~ "rich alphabet so that they will not be easily guessed or attacked." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Utiliza siempre contraseñas fuertes que sean suficientemente largas y " #~ "creadas a partir de un alfabeto rico y que no sean fáciles de adivinar o " #~ "atacar." #~ msgid "" #~ "The first step is the configuration of [.filename]#/etc/wpa_supplicant." #~ "conf# with the SSID and the pre-shared key of the network:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "El primer paso es la configuración de [.filename]#/etc/wpa_supplicant." #~ "conf# con el SSID y la clave compartida de la red:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "network={\n" #~ " ssid=\"freebsdap\"\n" #~ " psk=\"freebsdmall\"\n" #~ "}\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "network={\n" #~ " ssid=\"freebsdap\"\n" #~ " psk=\"freebsdmall\"\n" #~ "}\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "Then, in [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#, indicate that the wireless device " #~ "configuration will be done with WPA and the IP address will be obtained " #~ "with DHCP:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Luego, en [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#, indica que la configuración del " #~ "dispositivo inalámbrico se realizará con WPA y que la dirección IP se " #~ "obtendrá con DHCP:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "# service netif start\n" #~ "Starting wpa_supplicant.\n" #~ "DHCPDISCOVER on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 5\n" #~ "DHCPDISCOVER on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 6\n" #~ "DHCPOFFER from 192.168.0.1\n" #~ "DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67\n" #~ "DHCPACK from 192.168.0.1\n" #~ "bound to 192.168.0.254 -- renewal in 300 seconds.\n" #~ "wlan0: flags=8843 mtu 1500\n" #~ " ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62\n" #~ " inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" #~ " media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet OFDM/36Mbps mode 11g\n" #~ " status: associated\n" #~ " ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" #~ " country US ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF\n" #~ " AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 21.5 bmiss 7 scanvalid 450 bgscan\n" #~ " bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7 roam:rate 5 protmode CTS\n" #~ " wme burst roaming MANUAL\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "# service netif start\n" #~ "Starting wpa_supplicant.\n" #~ "DHCPDISCOVER on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 5\n" #~ "DHCPDISCOVER on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 6\n" #~ "DHCPOFFER from 192.168.0.1\n" #~ "DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67\n" #~ "DHCPACK from 192.168.0.1\n" #~ "bound to 192.168.0.254 -- renewal in 300 seconds.\n" #~ "wlan0: flags=8843 mtu 1500\n" #~ " ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62\n" #~ " inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" #~ " media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet OFDM/36Mbps mode 11g\n" #~ " status: associated\n" #~ " ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" #~ " country US ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF\n" #~ " AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 21.5 bmiss 7 scanvalid 450 bgscan\n" #~ " bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7 roam:rate 5 protmode CTS\n" #~ " wme burst roaming MANUAL\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "Or, try to configure the interface manually using the information in [." #~ "filename]#/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf#:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "O, intenta configurar manualmente la interfaz utilizando la información " #~ "que hay en [.filename]#/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf#:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "# wpa_supplicant -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf\n" #~ "Trying to associate with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac (SSID='freebsdap' freq=2412 MHz)\n" #~ "Associated with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" #~ "WPA: Key negotiation completed with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac [PTK=CCMP GTK=CCMP]\n" #~ "CTRL-EVENT-CONNECTED - Connection to 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac completed (auth) [id=0 id_str=]\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "# wpa_supplicant -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf\n" #~ "Trying to associate with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac (SSID='freebsdap' freq=2412 MHz)\n" #~ "Associated with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" #~ "WPA: Key negotiation completed with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac [PTK=CCMP GTK=CCMP]\n" #~ "CTRL-EVENT-CONNECTED - Connection to 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac completed (auth) [id=0 id_str=]\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "The next operation is to launch man:dhclient[8] to get the IP address " #~ "from the DHCP server:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "La siguiente operación es lanzar man:dhcliente[8] para obtener una " #~ "dirección IP del servidor DHCP:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "# dhclient wlan0\n" #~ "DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67\n" #~ "DHCPACK from 192.168.0.1\n" #~ "bound to 192.168.0.254 -- renewal in 300 seconds.\n" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0\n" #~ "wlan0: flags=8843 mtu 1500\n" #~ " ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62\n" #~ " inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" #~ " media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet OFDM/36Mbps mode 11g\n" #~ " status: associated\n" #~ " ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" #~ " country US ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF\n" #~ " AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 21.5 bmiss 7 scanvalid 450 bgscan\n" #~ " bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7 roam:rate 5 protmode CTS\n" #~ " wme burst roaming MANUAL\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "# dhclient wlan0\n" #~ "DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67\n" #~ "DHCPACK from 192.168.0.1\n" #~ "bound to 192.168.0.254 -- renewal in 300 seconds.\n" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0\n" #~ "wlan0: flags=8843 mtu 1500\n" #~ " ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62\n" #~ " inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" #~ " media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet OFDM/36Mbps mode 11g\n" #~ " status: associated\n" #~ " ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" #~ " country US ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF\n" #~ " AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 21.5 bmiss 7 scanvalid 450 bgscan\n" #~ " bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7 roam:rate 5 protmode CTS\n" #~ " wme burst roaming MANUAL\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "If [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# has an `ifconfig_wlan0=\"DHCP\"` entry, man:" #~ "dhclient[8] will be launched automatically after man:wpa_supplicant[8] " #~ "associates with the access point." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Si [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# tiene una entrada `ifconfig_wlan0=\"DHCP\"`, " #~ "man:dhcliente[8] se arrancará automáticamente después de que man:" #~ "wpa_supplicant[8] se asocie al punto de acceso." #~ msgid "" #~ "If DHCP is not possible or desired, set a static IP address after man:" #~ "wpa_supplicant[8] has authenticated the station:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Si no es posible o deseable utilizar DHCP, establece una dirección IP " #~ "estática después de que man:wpa_supplicant[8] haya autenticado la " #~ "estación:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.168.0.100 netmask 255.255.255.0\n" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0\n" #~ "wlan0: flags=8843 mtu 1500\n" #~ " ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62\n" #~ " inet 192.168.0.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" #~ " media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet OFDM/36Mbps mode 11g\n" #~ " status: associated\n" #~ " ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" #~ " country US ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF\n" #~ " AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 21.5 bmiss 7 scanvalid 450 bgscan\n" #~ " bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7 roam:rate 5 protmode CTS\n" #~ " wme burst roaming MANUAL\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.168.0.100 netmask 255.255.255.0\n" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0\n" #~ "wlan0: flags=8843 mtu 1500\n" #~ " ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62\n" #~ " inet 192.168.0.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" #~ " media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet OFDM/36Mbps mode 11g\n" #~ " status: associated\n" #~ " ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" #~ " country US ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF\n" #~ " AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 21.5 bmiss 7 scanvalid 450 bgscan\n" #~ " bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7 roam:rate 5 protmode CTS\n" #~ " wme burst roaming MANUAL\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "When DHCP is not used, the default gateway and the nameserver also have " #~ "to be manually set:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Cuando no se usa DHCP, el gateway por defecto y el servidor de nombres se " #~ "tienen que establecer manualmente:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "# route add default your_default_router\n" #~ "# echo \"nameserver your_DNS_server\" >> /etc/resolv.conf\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "# route add default your_default_router\n" #~ "# echo \"nameserver your_DNS_server\" >> /etc/resolv.conf\n" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "WEP" #~ msgstr "WEP" #~ msgid "" #~ "Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is part of the original 802.11 standard. " #~ "There is no authentication mechanism, only a weak form of access control " #~ "which is easily cracked." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) es parte del estándar 802.11 original. No " #~ "hay mecanismo de autenticación, sólo una débil forma de control de acceso " #~ "que se rompe fácilmente." #~ msgid "WEP can be set up using man:ifconfig[8]:" #~ msgstr "Se puede configurar WEP usando man:ifconfig[8]:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0\n" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.168.1.100 netmask 255.255.255.0 \\\n" #~ "\t ssid my_net wepmode on weptxkey 3 wepkey 3:0x3456789012\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0\n" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.168.1.100 netmask 255.255.255.0 \\\n" #~ "\t ssid my_net wepmode on weptxkey 3 wepkey 3:0x3456789012\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "The `weptxkey` specifies which WEP key will be used in the transmission. " #~ "This example uses the third key. This must match the setting on the " #~ "access point. When unsure which key is used by the access point, try `1` " #~ "(the first key) for this value." #~ msgstr "" #~ "`weptxkey` especifica qué clave WEP se usará en la transmisión. Este " #~ "ejemplo utiliza la tercera clave. Esto debe concordar con la " #~ "configuración del punto de acceso. Cuando no estés seguro de qué clave " #~ "utiliza el punto de acceso, utiliza `1` (la primera clave) para este " #~ "valor." #~ msgid "" #~ "The `wepkey` selects one of the WEP keys. It should be in the format " #~ "_index:key_. Key `1` is used by default; the index only needs to be set " #~ "when using a key other than the first key." #~ msgstr "" #~ "`wepkey` selecciona una de las claves WEP. Debería seguir el formato " #~ "_index:key_. La clave `1` se utiliza por defecto; sólo se necesita " #~ "especificar el índice cuando se usa otra clave que no sea la primera." #~ msgid "" #~ "Replace the `0x3456789012` with the key configured for use on the access " #~ "point." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Remplaza `0x3456789012` con la clave configurada para ser usada en el " #~ "punto de acceso." #~ msgid "Refer to man:ifconfig[8] for further information." #~ msgstr "Consulta man:ifconfig[8] para más información." #~ msgid "" #~ "The man:wpa_supplicant[8] facility can be used to configure a wireless " #~ "interface with WEP. The example above can be set up by adding the " #~ "following lines to [.filename]#/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf#:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "La utilidad man:wpa_suppliccant[8] se puede usar para configurar una " #~ "interfaz inalámbrica con WEP. El ejemplo de arriba se puede modificar " #~ "añadiendo las siguientes líneas a [.filename]#/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf#:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "network={\n" #~ " ssid=\"my_net\"\n" #~ " key_mgmt=NONE\n" #~ " wep_key3=3456789012\n" #~ " wep_tx_keyidx=3\n" #~ "}\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "network={\n" #~ " ssid=\"my_net\"\n" #~ " key_mgmt=NONE\n" #~ " wep_key3=3456789012\n" #~ " wep_tx_keyidx=3\n" #~ "}\n" #~ msgid "Then:" #~ msgstr "Después:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "# wpa_supplicant -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf\n" #~ "Trying to associate with 00:13:46:49:41:76 (SSID='dlinkap' freq=2437 MHz)\n" #~ "Associated with 00:13:46:49:41:76\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "# wpa_supplicant -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf\n" #~ "Trying to associate with 00:13:46:49:41:76 (SSID='dlinkap' freq=2437 MHz)\n" #~ "Associated with 00:13:46:49:41:76\n" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "WEP Host-based Access Point" #~ msgstr "Punto de acceso WEP basado en Host" #~ msgid "" #~ "It is not recommended to use WEP for setting up an AP since there is no " #~ "authentication mechanism and the encryption is easily cracked. Some " #~ "legacy wireless cards only support WEP and these cards will only support " #~ "an AP without authentication or encryption." #~ msgstr "" #~ "No se recomienda utilizar WEP para configurar un AP ya que no hay " #~ "mecanismo de autenticación y la encriptación se rompe fácilmente. Algunas " #~ "tarjetas inalámbricas heredades sólo soportan WEP y estas tarjetas sólo " #~ "soportarán un AP sin autenticación o encriptación." #~ msgid "" #~ "The wireless device can now be put into hostap mode and configured with " #~ "the correct SSID and IP address:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "El dispositivo inalámbrico se pude poner ahora en modo hostap y se puede " #~ "configurar con la SSID correcta y la dirección IP:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0 wlanmode hostap\n" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 \\\n" #~ "\tssid freebsdap wepmode on weptxkey 3 wepkey 3:0x3456789012 mode 11g\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0 wlanmode hostap\n" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0 inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 \\\n" #~ "\tssid freebsdap wepmode on weptxkey 3 wepkey 3:0x3456789012 mode 11g\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "The `weptxkey` indicates which WEP key will be used in the transmission. " #~ "This example uses the third key as key numbering starts with `1`. This " #~ "parameter must be specified in order to encrypt the data." #~ msgstr "" #~ "`weptxkey` indica qué clave WEP se usará en la transmisión. Este ejemplo " #~ "usa la tercera clave ya que la numeración de las claves empieza por `1`. " #~ "Este parámetro se debe especificar para encriptar los datos." #~ msgid "" #~ "The `wepkey` sets the selected WEP key. It should be in the format _index:" #~ "key_. If the index is not given, key `1` is set. The index needs to be " #~ "set when using keys other than the first key." #~ msgstr "" #~ "`wepkey` establece la clave WEP seleccionada. Debería estar en el formato " #~ "_index:key_. Si no se proporciona índice, se establece la clave a `1`. El " #~ "índice necesita establecerse cuando se usa otra clave que no sea la " #~ "primera." #~ msgid "" #~ "Use man:ifconfig[8] to see the status of the [.filename]#wlan0# interface:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Usa man:ifconfig[8] para ver el estado del interfaz [.filename]#wlan0#:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0\n" #~ " wlan0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" #~ "\t ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" #~ "\t inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" #~ "\t media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g \n" #~ "\t status: running\n" #~ "\t ssid freebsdap channel 4 (2427 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" #~ "\t country US ecm authmode OPEN privacy ON deftxkey 3 wepkey 3:40-bit\n" #~ "\t txpower 21.5 scanvalid 60 protmode CTS wme burst dtimperiod 1 -dfs\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0\n" #~ " wlan0: flags=8843 metric 0 mtu 1500\n" #~ "\t ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" #~ "\t inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" #~ "\t media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g \n" #~ "\t status: running\n" #~ "\t ssid freebsdap channel 4 (2427 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac\n" #~ "\t country US ecm authmode OPEN privacy ON deftxkey 3 wepkey 3:40-bit\n" #~ "\t txpower 21.5 scanvalid 60 protmode CTS wme burst dtimperiod 1 -dfs\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "From another wireless machine, it is now possible to initiate a scan to " #~ "find the AP:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Desde otra máquina inalámbrica, ahora es posible iniciar un escaneo para " #~ "encontrar el AP:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0\n" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0 up scan\n" #~ "SSID BSSID CHAN RATE S:N INT CAPS\n" #~ "freebsdap 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac 1 54M 22:1 100 EPS\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0 create wlandev ath0\n" #~ "# ifconfig wlan0 up scan\n" #~ "SSID BSSID CHAN RATE S:N INT CAPS\n" #~ "freebsdap 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac 1 54M 22:1 100 EPS\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "In this example, the client machine found the AP and can associate with " #~ "it using the correct parameters. See <> for more " #~ "details." #~ msgstr "" #~ "En este ejemplo, la máquina cliente ha encontrado el AP y se puede " #~ "asociar a él usando los parámetros correctos. Consulta <> para más detalles." #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Using Both Wired and Wireless Connections" #~ msgstr "Usando Tanto Redes con Cable como Inalámbricas" #~ msgid "" #~ "A wired connection provides better performance and reliability, while a " #~ "wireless connection provides flexibility and mobility. Laptop users " #~ "typically want to roam seamlessly between the two types of connections." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Una conexión por cable proporciona mejor rendimiento y fiabilidad, " #~ "mientras que una conexión inalámbrica proporciona flexibilidad y " #~ "movilidad. Los usuarios de portátiles típicamente prefieren moverse entre " #~ "los dos tipos de conexiones sin interrupciones." #~ msgid "" #~ "On FreeBSD, it is possible to combine two or even more network interfaces " #~ "together in a \"failover\" fashion. This type of configuration uses the " #~ "most preferred and available connection from a group of network " #~ "interfaces, and the operating system switches automatically when the link " #~ "state changes." #~ msgstr "" #~ "En FreeBSD, es posible combinar dos o incluso más interfaces de red en " #~ "una modalidad \"failover\". Este tipo de configuración utiliza la " #~ "conexión más disponible y preferente de un grupo de interfaces de red, y " #~ "el sistema operativo cambia automáticamente cuando el estado del enlace " #~ "cambia." #~ msgid "" #~ "Link aggregation and failover is covered in <> and " #~ "an example for using both wired and wireless connections is provided at " #~ "<>." #~ msgstr "" #~ "La agregación de enlaces y el failover se cubre en <> y en <> se proporciona " #~ "un ejemplo para usar tanto una conexión por cable como una inalámbrica." #~ msgid "" #~ "This section describes a number of steps to help troubleshoot common " #~ "wireless networking problems." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Esta sección describe una serie de pasos para ayudar a solucionar " #~ "problemas comunes de redes inalámbricas." #~ msgid "" #~ "If the access point is not listed when scanning, check that the " #~ "configuration has not limited the wireless device to a limited set of " #~ "channels." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Si el punto de acceso no está en la lista cuando se escanea, comprueba " #~ "que la configuración no ha limitado el dispositivo inalámbrico a un " #~ "conjunto limitado de canales." #~ msgid "" #~ "If the device cannot associate with an access point, verify that the " #~ "configuration matches the settings on the access point. This includes the " #~ "authentication scheme and any security protocols. Simplify the " #~ "configuration as much as possible. If using a security protocol such as " #~ "WPA or WEP, configure the access point for open authentication and no " #~ "security to see if traffic will pass." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Si el dispositivo no se puede asociar con el punto de acceso, verifica " #~ "que la configuración concuerda con los parámetros del punto de acceso. " #~ "Esto incluye el esquema de autenticación y cualquier protocolo de " #~ "seguridad. Simplifica la configuración lo más posible. Si se usa un " #~ "protocolo de seguridad como WAP o WEP, configura el punto de acceso con " #~ "autenticación abierta y sin seguridad para ver si el tráfico pasa." #~ msgid "" #~ "Debugging support is provided by man:wpa_supplicant[8]. Try running this " #~ "utility manually with `-dd` and look at the system logs." #~ msgstr "" #~ "El soporte para depuración lo proporciona man:wpa_supplicant[8]. Intenta " #~ "ejecutar esta utilidad manualmente con `-dd` y mira los logs del sistema." #~ msgid "" #~ "Once the system can associate with the access point, diagnose the network " #~ "configuration using tools like man:ping[8]." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Una vez que el sistema se pueda asociar con el punto de acceso, " #~ "diagnostica la configuración de la red utilizando herramientas como man:" #~ "ping[8]." #~ msgid "" #~ "There are many lower-level debugging tools. Debugging messages can be " #~ "enabled in the 802.11 protocol support layer using man:wlandebug[8]. For " #~ "example, to enable console messages related to scanning for access points " #~ "and the 802.11 protocol handshakes required to arrange communication:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Hay muchas herramientas de depuración de bajo nivel. Los mensajes de " #~ "depuración se pueden habilitar en la capa de soporte del protocolo 802.11 " #~ "usando man:wlandebug[8]. Por ejemplo, para activar mensajes de consola " #~ "relativos al escaneo de puntos de acceso y las negociaciones del " #~ "protocolo 802.11 requeridas para establecer la comunicación:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "# wlandebug -i wlan0 +scan+auth+debug+assoc\n" #~ " net.wlan.0.debug: 0 => 0xc80000\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "# wlandebug -i wlan0 +scan+auth+debug+assoc\n" #~ " net.wlan.0.debug: 0 => 0xc80000\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "Many useful statistics are maintained by the 802.11 layer and " #~ "`wlanstats`, found in [.filename]#/usr/src/tools/tools/net80211#, will " #~ "dump this information. These statistics should display all errors " #~ "identified by the 802.11 layer. However, some errors are identified in " #~ "the device drivers that lie below the 802.11 layer so they may not show " #~ "up. To diagnose device-specific problems, refer to the driver " #~ "documentation." #~ msgstr "" #~ "La capa 802.11 mantiene muchas estadísticas útiles y `wlanstats`, que se " #~ "encuentra en [.filename]#/usr/src/tools/tools/net80211#, mostrará esta " #~ "información. Estas estadísticas deberían mostrar todos los errores " #~ "identificados por la capa 802.11. Sin embargo, algunos errores son " #~ "identificados en los controladores de dispositivo que está por debajo de " #~ "la capa 802.11 de forma que podrían no verse. Para diagnosticar problemas " #~ "específicos del dispositivo, consulta la documentación del controlador." #~ msgid "" #~ "If the above information does not help to clarify the problem, submit a " #~ "problem report and include output from the above tools." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Si la información de arriba no ayuda a clarificar el problema, envía un " #~ "informe de error e incluye la salida de las herramientas de arriba." #, no-wrap #~ msgid "IPv6" #~ msgstr "IPv6" #~ msgid "" #~ "IPv6 is the new version of the well known IP protocol, also known as " #~ "IPv4. IPv6 provides several advantages over IPv4 as well as many new " #~ "features:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "IPv6 es la nueva versión del conocido protocolo IP, también conocido como " #~ "IPv4. IPv6 proporciona varias ventajas sobre IPv4 así como muchas " #~ "características nuevas:" #~ msgid "" #~ "Its 128-bit address space allows for " #~ "340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 addresses. This " #~ "addresses the IPv4 address shortage and eventual IPv4 address exhaustion." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Su espacio de direcciones de 128 bits permite " #~ "340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456. Esto soluciona el " #~ "problema de escasez y eventual agotamiento de direcciones IPv4." #~ msgid "" #~ "Routers only store network aggregation addresses in their routing tables, " #~ "thus reducing the average space of a routing table to 8192 entries. This " #~ "addresses the scalability issues associated with IPv4, which required " #~ "every allocated block of IPv4 addresses to be exchanged between Internet " #~ "routers, causing their routing tables to become too large to allow " #~ "efficient routing." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Los routers sólo almacenan direcciones de agregación de red en sus tablas " #~ "de enrutamiento, reduciendo por tanto el espacio medio de una tabla de " #~ "enrutamiento a 8192 entradas. Esto soluciona los problemas de " #~ "escalabilidad asociados a IPv4, que requería que cada bloque asignado de " #~ "direcciones IPv4 fuera intercambiado entre los routers, haciendo que las " #~ "tablas de enrutamiento fueran demasiado grandes como para realizar un " #~ "enrutamiento eficiente." #~ msgid "" #~ "Address autoconfiguration (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2462.txt[RFC2462])." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Autconfiguración de direcciones (http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2462." #~ "txt[RFC2462])." #~ msgid "Mandatory multicast addresses." #~ msgstr "Direcciones multicast obligatorias" #~ msgid "Built-in IPsec (IP security)." #~ msgstr "IPsec integrada (seguridad IP)." #~ msgid "Simplified header structure." #~ msgstr "Estructura de cabecera simplificada." #~ msgid "Support for mobile IP." #~ msgstr "Soporte para IP móvil." #~ msgid "IPv6-to-IPv4 transition mechanisms." #~ msgstr "Mecanismos de transición IPv6-IPv4." #~ msgid "" #~ "FreeBSD includes the http://www.kame.net/[http://www.kame.net/] IPv6 " #~ "reference implementation and comes with everything needed to use IPv6. " #~ "This section focuses on getting IPv6 configured and running." #~ msgstr "" #~ "FreeBSD incluye la implementación de referencia IPv6 http://www.kame.net/" #~ "[http://www.kame.net/] y viene con todo lo necesario para usar IPv6. Esta " #~ "sección se centra en configurar y hacer funcionar IPv6." #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Background on IPv6 Addresses" #~ msgstr "Nociones de Direcciones IPv6" #~ msgid "There are three different types of IPv6 addresses:" #~ msgstr "Hay tres tipos diferentes de direcciones IPV6:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Unicast" #~ msgstr "Unicast" #~ msgid "" #~ "A packet sent to a unicast address arrives at the interface belonging to " #~ "the address." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Un paquete enviado a una dirección unicast llega a la interfaz a la que " #~ "pertenece esa dirección." #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Anycast" #~ msgstr "Anycast" #~ msgid "" #~ "These addresses are syntactically indistinguishable from unicast " #~ "addresses but they address a group of interfaces. The packet destined " #~ "for an anycast address will arrive at the nearest router interface. " #~ "Anycast addresses are only used by routers." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Estas direcciones son sintácticamente indistinguibles de las direcciones " #~ "unicast pero se refieren a un grupo de interfaces. El paquete destinado a " #~ "una dirección anycast llegara hasta la interfaz del router más cercano. " #~ "Las direcciones anycast sólo son usadas por los routers." #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Multicast" #~ msgstr "Multicast" #~ msgid "" #~ "These addresses identify a group of interfaces. A packet destined for a " #~ "multicast address will arrive at all interfaces belonging to the " #~ "multicast group. The IPv4 broadcast address, usually `xxx.xxx.xxx.255`, " #~ "is expressed by multicast addresses in IPv6." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Estas direcciones identifican un grupo de interfaces. Un paquete " #~ "destinado a una dirección multicast llegará a todas las interfaces que " #~ "pertenezcan al grupo multicast. Las direcciones broadcast de IPv4, " #~ "normalmente `xxx.xxx.xxx.255`, se expresan como direcciones multicast en " #~ "IPv6." #~ msgid "" #~ "When reading an IPv6 address, the canonical form is represented as `x:x:x:" #~ "x:x:x:x:x`, where each `x` represents a 16 bit hex value. An example is " #~ "`FEBC:A574:382B:23C1:AA49:4592:4EFE:9982`." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Cuando se lee una dirección IPv6, la forma canónica se representa como `x:" #~ "x:x:x:x:x:x:x`, donde cada `x` representa un valor hexadecimal de 16 " #~ "bits. Un ejemplo es `FEBC:A574:382B:23C1:AA49:4592:4EFE:9982`." #~ msgid "" #~ "Often, an address will have long substrings of all zeros. A `::` (double " #~ "colon) can be used to replace one substring per address. Also, up to " #~ "three leading ``0``s per hex value can be omitted. For example, " #~ "`fe80::1` corresponds to the canonical form " #~ "`fe80:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001`." #~ msgstr "" #~ "A menudo, una dirección tendrá largas subcadenas de ceros. Un `::` (dos " #~ "puntos dobles seguidos) se puede usar para sustituir una subcadena por " #~ "cada dirección. Además, se pueden omitir hasta tres ``0`` al comienzo. " #~ "Por ejemplo, `fe80::1` se corresponde con la forma canónica " #~ "`fe80:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001`." #~ msgid "" #~ "A third form is to write the last 32 bits using the well known IPv4 " #~ "notation. For example, `2002::10.0.0.1` corresponds to the hexadecimal " #~ "canonical representation `2002:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0a00:0001`, which " #~ "in turn is equivalent to `2002::a00:1`." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Una tercera forma es escribir los últimos 32 bits usando la notación " #~ "conocida para IPv4. Por ejemplo, `2002::10.0.0.1` se corresponde con la " #~ "representación canónica hexadecimal " #~ "`2002:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0a00:0001`, que a su vez es equivalente a " #~ "`2002::a00:1`." #~ msgid "To view a FreeBSD system's IPv6 address, use man:ifconfig[8]:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Para ver la dirección IPv6 de un sistema FreeBSD, usa man:ifconfig[8]:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "# ifconfig\n" #~ msgstr "# ifconfig\n" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "rl0: flags=8943 mtu 1500\n" #~ " inet 10.0.0.10 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 10.0.0.255\n" #~ " inet6 fe80::200:21ff:fe03:8e1%rl0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1\n" #~ " ether 00:00:21:03:08:e1\n" #~ " media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX )\n" #~ " status: active\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "rl0: flags=8943 mtu 1500\n" #~ " inet 10.0.0.10 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 10.0.0.255\n" #~ " inet6 fe80::200:21ff:fe03:8e1%rl0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x1\n" #~ " ether 00:00:21:03:08:e1\n" #~ " media: Ethernet autoselect (100baseTX )\n" #~ " status: active\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "In this example, the [.filename]#rl0# interface is using `fe80::200:21ff:" #~ "fe03:8e1%rl0`, an auto-configured link-local address which was " #~ "automatically generated from the MAC address." #~ msgstr "" #~ "En este ejemplo, el interfaz [.filename]#rl0# está usando `fe80::200:21ff:" #~ "fe03:8e1%rl0`, una dirección de enlace local auto configurada que se ha " #~ "generado automáticamente a partir de una dirección MAC." #~ msgid "" #~ "Some IPv6 addresses are reserved. A summary of these reserved addresses " #~ "is seen in <>:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Algunas direcciones IPv6 están reservadas. Se puede ver un resumen de las " #~ "direcciones reservadas en <>:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Reserved IPv6 Addresses" #~ msgstr "Direcciones IPv6 Reservadas" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "IPv6 address" #~ msgstr "Direcciones IPv6" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Prefixlength (Bits)" #~ msgstr "Prefixlength (Bits)" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Description" #~ msgstr "Descripción" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Notes" #~ msgstr "Notas" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "`::`" #~ msgstr "`::`" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "128 bits" #~ msgstr "128 bits" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "unspecified" #~ msgstr "sin especificar" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Equivalent to `0.0.0.0` in IPv4." #~ msgstr "Equivalente a `0.0.0.0` en IPv4." #, no-wrap #~ msgid "`::1`" #~ msgstr "`::1`" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "loopback address" #~ msgstr "dirección de loopback" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Equivalent to `127.0.0.1` in IPv4." #~ msgstr "Equivalente a `127.0.0.1` en IPv4." #, no-wrap #~ msgid "`::00:xx:xx:xx:xx`" #~ msgstr "`::00:xx:xx:xx:xx`" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "96 bits" #~ msgstr "96 bits" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "embedded IPv4" #~ msgstr "embedded IPv4" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "The lower 32 bits are the compatible IPv4 address." #~ msgstr "Los 32 bits menos significativos forma la dirección IPv4 compatible." #, no-wrap #~ msgid "`::ff:xx:xx:xx:xx`" #~ msgstr "`::ff:xx:xx:xx:xx`" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "IPv4 mapped IPv6 address" #~ msgstr "Direcciones IPv4 mapeadas a IPv6" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "The lower 32 bits are the IPv4 address for hosts which do not support IPv6." #~ msgstr "Los 32 bits menos significativos son las direcciones IPv4 para hosts que no soportan IPv6." #, no-wrap #~ msgid "`fe80::/10`" #~ msgstr "`fe80::/10`" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "10 bits" #~ msgstr "10 bits" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "link-local" #~ msgstr "link-local" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Equivalent to 169.254.0.0/16 in IPv4." #~ msgstr "Equivalente a 169.254.0.0/16 en IPv4." #, no-wrap #~ msgid "`fc00::/7`" #~ msgstr "`fc00::/7`" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "7 bits" #~ msgstr "7 bits" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "unique-local" #~ msgstr "unique-local" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Unique local addresses are intended for local communication and are only routable within a set of cooperating sites." #~ msgstr "Loas direcciones locales únicas están pensadas para comunicación local y sólo son enrutables dentro de un conjunto cooperativo de sitios." #, no-wrap #~ msgid "`ff00::`" #~ msgstr "`ff00::`" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "8 bits" #~ msgstr "8 bits" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "multicast" #~ msgstr "multicast" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "``2000::-3fff::``" #~ msgstr "``2000::-3fff::``" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "3 bits" #~ msgstr "3 bits" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "global unicast" #~ msgstr "global unicast" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "All global unicast addresses are assigned from this pool. The first 3 bits are `001`." #~ msgstr "Todas las direcciones unicast globales se asignan de este lote. Los tres primeros bits son `001`." #~ msgid "" #~ "For further information on the structure of IPv6 addresses, refer to " #~ "http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3513.txt[RFC3513]." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Para más información sobre la estructura de direcciones IPv6, consulta " #~ "http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3513.txt[RFC3513]." #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Configuring IPv6" #~ msgstr "Configurando IPv6" #~ msgid "" #~ "To configure a FreeBSD system as an IPv6 client, add these two lines to [." #~ "filename]#rc.conf#:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Para configurar un sistema FreeBSD como un cliente IPv6, añade estas dos " #~ "líneas a [.filename]#rc.conf#:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "ifconfig_rl0_ipv6=\"inet6 accept_rtadv\"\n" #~ "rtsold_enable=\"YES\"\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "ifconfig_rl0_ipv6=\"inet6 accept_rtadv\"\n" #~ "rtsold_enable=\"YES\"\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "The first line enables the specified interface to receive router " #~ "advertisement messages. The second line enables the router solicitation " #~ "daemon, man:rtsol[8]." #~ msgstr "" #~ "La primera línea habilita a la interfaz especificada a recibir mensajes " #~ "de aviso del router. La segunda línea habilita el demonio de peticiones " #~ "del router, man:rtsol[8]." #~ msgid "" #~ "If the interface needs a statically assigned IPv6 address, add an entry " #~ "to specify the static address and associated prefix length:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Si el interfaz necesita una dirección IPv6 asignada estáticamente, añade " #~ "una entrada para especificar la dirección estática y la longitud de " #~ "prefijo asociada:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "ifconfig_rl0_ipv6=\"inet6 2001:db8:4672:6565:2026:5043:2d42:5344 prefixlen 64\"\n" #~ msgstr "ifconfig_rl0_ipv6=\"inet6 2001:db8:4672:6565:2026:5043:2d42:5344 prefixlen 64\"\n" #~ msgid "To assign a default router, specify its address:" #~ msgstr "Para asignar un router por defecto, especifica su dirección:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "ipv6_defaultrouter=\"2001:db8:4672:6565::1\"\n" #~ msgstr "ipv6_defaultrouter=\"2001:db8:4672:6565::1\"\n" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Connecting to a Provider" #~ msgstr "Conectando con un Proveedor" #~ msgid "" #~ "In order to connect to other IPv6 networks, one must have a provider or a " #~ "tunnel that supports IPv6:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Para conectar con otras redes IPv6, se debe tener un proveedor o un túnel " #~ "que soporte IPv6:" #~ msgid "Contact an Internet Service Provider to see if they offer IPv6." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Contacta con un Proveedor de Servicio de Internet para ver si ofrecen " #~ "IPv6." #~ msgid "" #~ "http://www.tunnelbroker.net[Hurricane Electric] offers tunnels with end-" #~ "points all around the globe." #~ msgstr "" #~ "http://www.tunnelbroker.net[Hurricane Electric] ofrece túneles con " #~ "extremos en todo el mundo." #~ msgid "" #~ "Install the package:net/freenet6[] package or port for a dial-up " #~ "connection." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Instala el port o paquete package:net/freenet6[] para una conexión tipo " #~ "\"dial-up\"." #~ msgid "" #~ "This section demonstrates how to take the directions from a tunnel " #~ "provider and convert them into [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# settings that " #~ "will persist through reboots." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Esta sección muestra cómo tomar las direcciones desde un proveedor de " #~ "túnel y convertirlas en configuración apta para [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# " #~ "que persistirá a pesar de los reinicios." #~ msgid "" #~ "The first [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# entry creates the generic tunneling " #~ "interface [.filename]#gif0#:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "La primera entrada en [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf# crear una interfaz de " #~ "túnel genérica [.filename]#gif0#:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "cloned_interfaces=\"gif0\"\n" #~ msgstr "cloned_interfaces=\"gif0\"\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "Next, configure that interface with the IPv4 addresses of the local and " #~ "remote endpoints. Replace `_MY_IPv4_ADDR_` and `_REMOTE_IPv4_ADDR_` with " #~ "the actual IPv4 addresses:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Luego, configura la interfaz con la dirección IPv4 de los extremos local " #~ "y remoto. Reemplaza `_MY_IPv4_ADDR_` y `_REMOTE_IPv4_ADDR_` con las " #~ "direcciones IPv4 reales:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "create_args_gif0=\"tunnel MY_IPv4_ADDR REMOTE_IPv4_ADDR\"\n" #~ msgstr "create_args_gif0=\"tunnel MY_IPv4_ADDR REMOTE_IPv4_ADDR\"\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "To apply the IPv6 address that has been assigned for use as the IPv6 " #~ "tunnel endpoint, add this line, replacing " #~ "`_MY_ASSIGNED_IPv6_TUNNEL_ENDPOINT_ADDR_` with the assigned address:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Para aplicar la dirección IPv6 que ha sido asignada como extremo del " #~ "túnel IPv6, añade esta línea, reemplazando " #~ "`_MY_ASSIGNED_IPv6_TUNNEL_ENDPOINT_ADDR_` con la dirección asignada:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "ifconfig_gif0_ipv6=\"inet6 MY_ASSIGNED_IPv6_TUNNEL_ENDPOINT_ADDR\"\n" #~ msgstr "ifconfig_gif0_ipv6=\"inet6 MY_ASSIGNED_IPv6_TUNNEL_ENDPOINT_ADDR\"\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "Then, set the default route for the other side of the IPv6 tunnel. " #~ "Replace `_MY_IPv6_REMOTE_TUNNEL_ENDPOINT_ADDR_` with the default gateway " #~ "address assigned by the provider:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Después, establece la ruta por defecto para el otro lado del túnel IPv6. " #~ "Reemplaza `_MY_IPv6_REMOTE_TUNNEL_ENDPOINT_ADDR_` con la dirección del " #~ "gateway por defecto asignado por el proveedor:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "ipv6_defaultrouter=\"MY_IPv6_REMOTE_TUNNEL_ENDPOINT_ADDR\"\n" #~ msgstr "ipv6_defaultrouter=\"MY_IPv6_REMOTE_TUNNEL_ENDPOINT_ADDR\"\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "If the FreeBSD system will route IPv6 packets between the rest of the " #~ "network and the world, enable the gateway using this line:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Si el sistema FreeBSD va a enruta paquetes IPv6 entre la red y el resto " #~ "del mundo, activa el gateway usando esta línea:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "ipv6_gateway_enable=\"YES\"\n" #~ msgstr "ipv6_gateway_enable=\"YES\"\n" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Router Advertisement and Host Auto Configuration" #~ msgstr "Avisos del Router y Auto Configuración del Host" #~ msgid "" #~ "This section demonstrates how to setup man:rtadvd[8] to advertise the " #~ "IPv6 default route." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Esta sección muestra cómo configurar man:rtadvd[8] para anunciar el " #~ "router por defecto de IPv6." #~ msgid "" #~ "To enable man:rtadvd[8], add the following to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Para habilitar man:rtadvd[8], añade lo siguiente a [.filename]#/etc/rc." #~ "conf#:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "rtadvd_enable=\"YES\"\n" #~ msgstr "rtadvd_enable=\"YES\"\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "It is important to specify the interface on which to do IPv6 router " #~ "advertisement. For example, to tell man:rtadvd[8] to use [." #~ "filename]#rl0#:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Es importante especificar la interfaz en la que hacer los anuncios IPv6. " #~ "Por ejemplo, para decirle a man:rtadvd[8] que use [.filename]#rl0#:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "rtadvd_interfaces=\"rl0\"\n" #~ msgstr "rtadvd_interfaces=\"rl0\"\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "Next, create the configuration file, [.filename]#/etc/rtadvd.conf# as " #~ "seen in this example:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Después, crea el fichero de configuración, [.filename]#/etc/rtadvd.conf#, " #~ "como se ve en este ejemplo:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "" #~ "rl0:\\\n" #~ "\t:addrs#1:addr=\"2001:db8:1f11:246::\":prefixlen#64:tc=ether:\n" #~ msgstr "" #~ "rl0:\\\n" #~ "\t:addrs#1:addr=\"2001:db8:1f11:246::\":prefixlen#64:tc=ether:\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "Replace [.filename]#rl0# with the interface to be used and `2001:" #~ "db8:1f11:246::` with the prefix of the allocation." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Reemplaza [.filename]#rl0# con la interfaz que se usará y `2001:" #~ "db8:1f11:246::` con el prefijo de la asignación." #~ msgid "" #~ "For a dedicated `/64` subnet, nothing else needs to be changed. " #~ "Otherwise, change the `prefixlen#` to the correct value." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Para una subred `/64` dedicada, no se necesita cambiar nada. Por el " #~ "contrario, cambia `prefixlen#` al valor correcto." #, no-wrap #~ msgid "IPv6 and IPv4 Address Mapping" #~ msgstr "Mapeo de Direcciones IPv6 y IPv4" #~ msgid "" #~ "When IPv6 is enabled on a server, there may be a need to enable IPv4 " #~ "mapped IPv6 address communication. This compatibility option allows for " #~ "IPv4 addresses to be represented as IPv6 addresses. Permitting IPv6 " #~ "applications to communicate with IPv4 and vice versa may be a security " #~ "issue." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Cuando se activa IPv6 en un servidor, podría necesitarse habilitar los " #~ "mapeos de IPv4 a IPv6. Esta opción de compatibilidad permite a las " #~ "direcciones IPv4 ser representadas como direcciones IPv6. Permitir a " #~ "aplicaciones IPv6 comunicarse con IPv4 y viceversa podría ser un problema " #~ "de seguridad." #~ msgid "" #~ "This option may not be required in most cases and is available only for " #~ "compatibility. This option will allow IPv6-only applications to work " #~ "with IPv4 in a dual stack environment. This is most useful for third " #~ "party applications which may not support an IPv6-only environment. To " #~ "enable this feature, add the following to [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Esta opción podría no ser necesaria en la mayoría de los casos y sólo " #~ "está disponible por compatibilidad. Esta opción permitirá a las " #~ "aplicaciones que sólo funcionan con IPv6 trabajar con IPv4 en un entorno " #~ "de pila doble. Esto es útil principalmente para aplicaciones de terceros " #~ "que podrían no soportar entornos sólo IPv6. Para habilitar esta " #~ "característica, añade los siguiente a [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#:" #, no-wrap #~ msgid "ipv6_ipv4mapping=\"YES\"\n" #~ msgstr "ipv6_ipv4mapping=\"YES\"\n" #~ msgid "" #~ "Reviewing the information in RFC 3493, section 3.6 and 3.7 as well as RFC " #~ "4038 section 4.2 may be useful to some administrators." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Revisar la información en el RFC 3493, sección 3.6 y 3.7 así como el RFC " #~ "4038 sección 4.2 podría ser de utilidad para algunos administradores." #, no-wrap #~ msgid "Command" #~ msgstr "Comando" #~ msgid "" #~ "include::shared/attributes/attributes-{{% lang %}}.adoc[] include::shared/" #~ "{{% lang %}}/teams.adoc[] include::shared/{{% lang %}}/mailing-lists." #~ "adoc[] include::shared/{{% lang %}}/urls.adoc[]" #~ msgstr "" #~ "include::shared/attributes/attributes-{{% lang %}}.adoc[]\n" #~ "include::shared/{{% lang %}}/teams.adoc[]\n" #~ "include::shared/{{% lang %}}/mailing-lists.adoc[]\n" #~ "include::shared/{{% lang %}}/urls.adoc[]"