# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
# Copyright (C) YEAR The FreeBSD Project
# This file is distributed under the same license as the FreeBSD Documentation package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: FreeBSD Documentation VERSION\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2025-11-08 16:17+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
"Language: \n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

#. type: YAML Front Matter: description
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:1
#, no-wrap
msgid "FreeBSD provides binary compatibility with Linux, allowing users to install and run most Linux binaries on a FreeBSD system without having to first modify the binary"
msgstr ""

#. type: YAML Front Matter: part
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:1
#, no-wrap
msgid "Part II. Common Tasks"
msgstr ""

#. type: YAML Front Matter: title
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:1
#, no-wrap
msgid "Chapter 12. Linux Binary Compatibility"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title =
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:15
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux Binary Compatibility"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:53
#, no-wrap
msgid "Synopsis"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:58
msgid ""
"FreeBSD provides *optional* binary compatibility with Linux(R), commonly "
"referred to as Linuxulator, allowing users to install and run unmodified "
"Linux binaries.  It is available for the x86 (both 32 and 64 bit) and "
"AArch64 architectures.  Some Linux-specific operating system features are "
"not yet supported; this mostly happens with functionality specific to "
"hardware or related to system management, such as cgroups or namespaces."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:60
msgid "Before reading this chapter:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:62
msgid ""
"Know how to install crossref:ports[ports,additional third-party software]."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:64
msgid "Read this chapter to learn:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:66
msgid "How to enable Linux binary compatibility on a FreeBSD system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:67
msgid "How to install additional Linux shared libraries."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:68
msgid "How to install Linux applications on a FreeBSD system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:69
msgid "The implementation details of Linux compatibility in FreeBSD."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:71
#, no-wrap
msgid "Configuring Linux Binary Compatibility"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:74
msgid "By default, man:linux[4] binary compatibility is not enabled."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:76
msgid "To enable the Linux ABI at boot time, execute the following command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:80
#, no-wrap
msgid "# sysrc linux_enable=\"YES\"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:83
msgid ""
"Once enabled, it can be started without rebooting by executing the following "
"command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:87
#, no-wrap
msgid "# service linux start\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:90
msgid "This is enough for statically linked Linux binaries to work."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:93
msgid ""
"The Linux service will load necessary kernel modules and mount filesystems "
"expected by Linux applications under [.filename]#/compat/linux#.  They can "
"be started in the same way native FreeBSD binaries can; they behave almost "
"exactly like native processes and can be traced and debugged the usual way."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:95
msgid ""
"The current content of [.filename]#/compat/linux# can be checked executing "
"the following command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:99
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:146
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:194
#, no-wrap
msgid "# ls -l /compat/linux/\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:102
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:149
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:197
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:244
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:307
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:385
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:451
msgid "The output should be similar to the following:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:109
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"total 1\n"
"dr-xr-xr-x  13 root  wheel  512 Apr 11 19:12 dev\n"
"dr-xr-xr-x   1 root  wheel    0 Apr 11 21:03 proc\n"
"dr-xr-xr-x   1 root  wheel    0 Apr 11 21:03 sys\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:112
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux userlands"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:116
msgid ""
"Linux software requires more than just an ABI to work.  In order to run "
"Linux software a Linux userland must be installed first."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:120
msgid ""
"If all that is wanted is to run some software already included in the Ports "
"tree, it can be installed via package manager and man:pkg[8] will "
"automatically setup the required Linux userland."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:122
msgid ""
"For example, to install Sublime Text 4, along with all the Linux libraries "
"it depends on, run this command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:126
#, no-wrap
msgid "# pkg install linux-sublime-text4\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:130
#, no-wrap
msgid "Rocky Linux Base System from FreeBSD Packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:133
msgid "To install the Rocky Linux 9 userland execute the following command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:137
#, no-wrap
msgid "# pkg install linux_base-rl9\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:140
msgid ""
"package:emulators/linux_base-rl9[] will place the base system derived from "
"Rocky Linux 9 into [.filename]#/compat/linux#."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:142
msgid ""
"After installing the package, the contents of [.filename]#/compat/linux# can "
"be verified by running the following command to check that the Rocky Linux "
"userland has been installed:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:167
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"total 36\n"
"drwxr-xr-x   2 root wheel  512 Oct  9 17:28 afs\n"
"lrwxr-xr-x   1 root wheel    7 May 16  2022 bin -> usr/bin\n"
"drwxr-xr-x   3 root wheel  512 Oct  9 17:28 dev\n"
"drwxr-xr-x  24 root wheel 1536 Oct  9 17:28 etc\n"
"lrwxr-xr-x   1 root wheel    7 May 16  2022 lib -> usr/lib\n"
"lrwxr-xr-x   1 root wheel    9 May 16  2022 lib64 -> usr/lib64\n"
"drwxr-xr-x   2 root wheel  512 Oct  9 17:28 opt\n"
"drwxr-xr-x   2 root wheel  512 Oct  9 17:28 proc\n"
"lrwxr-xr-x   1 root wheel    8 Oct  1 03:11 run -> /var/run\n"
"lrwxr-xr-x   1 root wheel    8 May 16  2022 sbin -> usr/sbin\n"
"drwxr-xr-x   2 root wheel  512 Oct  9 17:28 srv\n"
"drwxr-xr-x   2 root wheel  512 Oct  9 17:28 sys\n"
"drwxr-xr-x   8 root wheel  512 Oct  9 17:28 usr\n"
"drwxr-xr-x  16 root wheel  512 Oct  9 17:28 var\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:170
#, no-wrap
msgid "CentOS Base System from FreeBSD Packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:178
msgid ""
"package:emulators/linux_base-c7[] has been deprecated following the "
"deprecation of the upstream project.  This means package:emulators/"
"linux_base-c7[] will not receive security updates.  The use of "
"crossref:linuxemu[linuxemu-rockylinux, the Rocky Linux Base System] is "
"recommended unless 32-bit compatibility is needed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:181
msgid "To install the CentOS userland execute the following command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:185
#, no-wrap
msgid "# pkg install linux_base-c7\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:188
msgid ""
"package:emulators/linux_base-c7[] will place the base system derived from "
"CentOS 7 into [.filename]#/compat/linux#."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:190
msgid ""
"After installing the package, the contents of [.filename]#/compat/linux# can "
"be verified by running the following command to check that the CentOS "
"userland has been installed:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:214
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"total 30\n"
"lrwxr-xr-x   1 root  wheel    7 Apr 11  2018 bin -> usr/bin\n"
"drwxr-xr-x  13 root  wheel  512 Apr 11 21:10 dev\n"
"drwxr-xr-x  25 root  wheel   64 Apr 11 21:10 etc\n"
"lrwxr-xr-x   1 root  wheel    7 Apr 11  2018 lib -> usr/lib\n"
"lrwxr-xr-x   1 root  wheel    9 Apr 11  2018 lib64 -> usr/lib64\n"
"drwxr-xr-x   2 root  wheel    2 Apr 11 21:10 opt\n"
"dr-xr-xr-x   1 root  wheel    0 Apr 11 21:25 proc\n"
"lrwxr-xr-x   1 root  wheel    8 Feb 18 02:10 run -> /var/run\n"
"lrwxr-xr-x   1 root  wheel    8 Apr 11  2018 sbin -> usr/sbin\n"
"drwxr-xr-x   2 root  wheel    2 Apr 11 21:10 srv\n"
"dr-xr-xr-x   1 root  wheel    0 Apr 11 21:25 sys\n"
"drwxr-xr-x   8 root  wheel    9 Apr 11 21:10 usr\n"
"drwxr-xr-x  16 root  wheel   17 Apr 11 21:10 var\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:217
#, no-wrap
msgid "Debian / Ubuntu Base System with debootstrap"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:221
msgid ""
"An alternative way of providing Linux shared libraries is by using "
"package:sysutils/debootstrap[].  This has the advantage of providing a full "
"Debian or Ubuntu distribution."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:223
msgid "To install debootstrap execute the following command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:227
#, no-wrap
msgid "# pkg install debootstrap\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:231
msgid ""
"man:debootstrap[8] needs man:linux[4] ABI enabled.  Once enabled, execute "
"the following command to install Ubuntu or Debian in [.filename]#/compat/"
"ubuntu#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:235
#, no-wrap
msgid "# debootstrap jammy /compat/ubuntu\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:241
msgid ""
"While it is technically possible to install into [.filename]#/compat/linux# "
"instead, it's discouraged due to possible clashes with CentOS-based "
"packages.  Instead, derive the directory name from the distribution or "
"version name, e.g., [.filename]#/compat/ubuntu#."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:262
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"I: Retrieving InRelease\n"
"I: Checking Release signature\n"
"I: Valid Release signature (key id F6ECB3762474EDA9D21B7022871920D1991BC93C)\n"
"I: Retrieving Packages\n"
"I: Validating Packages\n"
"I: Resolving dependencies of required packages...\n"
"I: Resolving dependencies of base packages...\n"
"I: Checking component main on http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu...\n"
"[...]\n"
"I: Configuring console-setup...\n"
"I: Configuring kbd...\n"
"I: Configuring ubuntu-minimal...\n"
"I: Configuring libc-bin...\n"
"I: Configuring ca-certificates...\n"
"I: Base system installed successfully.\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:265
msgid "Then set up mounts in [.filename]#/etc/fstab#."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:269
msgid ""
"If the contents of the home directory should be shared and to be able to run "
"X11 applications, [.filename]#/home# and [.filename]#/tmp# should be mounted "
"in the linux compat area using man:nullfs[5] for loopback."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:271
msgid "The following example can be added to [.filename]#/etc/fstab#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:282
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# Device        Mountpoint              FStype          Options                      Dump    Pass#\n"
"devfs           /compat/ubuntu/dev      devfs           rw,late                      0       0\n"
"tmpfs           /compat/ubuntu/dev/shm  tmpfs           rw,late,size=1g,mode=1777    0       0\n"
"fdescfs         /compat/ubuntu/dev/fd   fdescfs         rw,late,linrdlnk             0       0\n"
"linprocfs       /compat/ubuntu/proc     linprocfs       rw,late                      0       0\n"
"linsysfs        /compat/ubuntu/sys      linsysfs        rw,late                      0       0\n"
"/tmp            /compat/ubuntu/tmp      nullfs          rw,late                      0       0\n"
"/home           /compat/ubuntu/home     nullfs          rw,late                      0       0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:285
msgid "Then execute man:mount[8]:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:289
#, no-wrap
msgid "# mount -al\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:293
msgid "To access the system using man:chroot[8] execute the following command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:297
#, no-wrap
msgid "# chroot /compat/ubuntu /bin/bash\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:300
msgid "Then man:uname[1] can be executed to check the Linux environment:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:304
#, no-wrap
msgid "# uname -s -r -m\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:311
#, no-wrap
msgid "Linux 5.15.0 x86_64\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:315
msgid ""
"Once inside the chroot, the system behaves as in a normal Ubuntu "
"installation.  While systemd doesn't work, the man:service[8] command works "
"as usual."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:319
msgid ""
"To add the package repositories missing from defaults edit the file "
"[.filename]#/compat/ubuntu/etc/apt/sources.list#."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:321
msgid "For amd64 the following example can be used:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:328
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy main universe restricted multiverse\n"
"deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jammy-security universe multiverse restricted main\n"
"deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-backports universe multiverse restricted main\n"
"deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates universe multiverse restricted main\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:331
msgid "For arm64 this other example can be used:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:335
#, no-wrap
msgid "deb http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports bionic main universe restricted multiverse\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:339
#, no-wrap
msgid "Advanced Topics"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:342
msgid ""
"A list of all Linux-related man:sysctl[8] knobs can be found in man:linux[4]."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:344
msgid "Some applications require specific filesystems to be mounted."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:346
msgid ""
"This is normally handled by the [.filename]#/etc/rc.d/linux# script but can "
"be disabled at boot executing the following command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:350
#, no-wrap
msgid "sysrc linux_mounts_enable=\"NO\"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:353
msgid ""
"Filesystems mounted by the rc script will not work for Linux processes "
"inside chroots or jails; if needed, configure them in [.filename]#/etc/"
"fstab#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:361
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"devfs      /compat/linux/dev      devfs      rw,late                    0  0\n"
"tmpfs      /compat/linux/dev/shm  tmpfs      rw,late,size=1g,mode=1777  0  0\n"
"fdescfs    /compat/linux/dev/fd   fdescfs    rw,late,linrdlnk           0  0\n"
"linprocfs  /compat/linux/proc     linprocfs  rw,late                    0  0\n"
"linsysfs   /compat/linux/sys      linsysfs   rw,late                    0  0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:364
msgid ""
"Since the Linux binary compatibility layer has gained support for running "
"both 32- and 64-bit Linux binaries, it is no longer possible to link the "
"emulation functionality statically into a custom kernel."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:366
#, no-wrap
msgid "Installing Additional Libraries Manually"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:371
msgid ""
"For base system subdirectories created with man:debootstrap[8], use the "
"instructions above instead."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:374
msgid ""
"If a Linux application complains about missing shared libraries after "
"configuring Linux binary compatibility, determine which shared libraries the "
"Linux binary needs and install them manually."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:376
msgid ""
"From a Linux system using the same CPU architecture, `ldd` can be used to "
"determine which shared libraries the application needs."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:378
msgid ""
"For example, to check which shared libraries `linuxdoom` needs, run this "
"command from a Linux system that has Doom installed:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:382
#, no-wrap
msgid "% ldd linuxdoom\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:391
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"libXt.so.3 (DLL Jump 3.1) => /usr/X11/lib/libXt.so.3.1.0\n"
"libX11.so.3 (DLL Jump 3.1) => /usr/X11/lib/libX11.so.3.1.0\n"
"libc.so.4 (DLL Jump 4.5pl26) => /lib/libc.so.4.6.29\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:395
msgid ""
"Then, copy all the files in the last column of the output from the Linux "
"system into [.filename]#/compat/linux# on the FreeBSD system.  Once copied, "
"create symbolic links to the names in the first column."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:397
msgid "This example will result in the following files on the FreeBSD system:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:406
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"/compat/linux/usr/X11/lib/libXt.so.3.1.0\n"
"/compat/linux/usr/X11/lib/libXt.so.3 -> libXt.so.3.1.0\n"
"/compat/linux/usr/X11/lib/libX11.so.3.1.0\n"
"/compat/linux/usr/X11/lib/libX11.so.3 -> libX11.so.3.1.0\n"
"/compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4.6.29\n"
"/compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4 -> libc.so.4.6.29\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:411
msgid ""
"If a Linux shared library already exists with a matching major revision "
"number to the first column of the `ldd` output, it does not need to be "
"copied to the file named in the last column, as the existing library should "
"work.  It is advisable to copy the shared library if it is a newer version, "
"though.  The old one can be removed, as long as the symbolic link points to "
"the new one."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:413
msgid "For example, these libraries already exist on the FreeBSD system:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:418
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"/compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4.6.27\n"
"/compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4 -> libc.so.4.6.27\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:421
msgid "and `ldd` indicates that a binary requires a later version:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:425
#, no-wrap
msgid "libc.so.4 (DLL Jump 4.5pl26) -> libc.so.4.6.29\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:429
msgid ""
"Since the existing library is only one or two versions out of date in the "
"last digit, the program should still work with the slightly older version.  "
"However, it is safe to replace the existing [.filename]#libc.so# with the "
"newer version:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:434
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"/compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4.6.29\n"
"/compat/linux/lib/libc.so.4 -> libc.so.4.6.29\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:438
msgid ""
"Generally, one will need to look for the shared libraries that Linux "
"binaries depend on only the first few times that a Linux program is "
"installed on FreeBSD.  After a while, there will be a sufficient set of "
"Linux shared libraries on the system to be able to run newly installed Linux "
"binaries without any extra work."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:439
#, no-wrap
msgid "Branding Linux ELF Binaries"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:442
msgid ""
"The FreeBSD kernel uses several methods to determine if the binary to be "
"executed is a Linux one: it checks the brand in the ELF file header, looks "
"for known ELF interpreter paths and checks ELF notes; finally, by default, "
"unbranded ELF executables are assumed to be Linux anyway."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:444
msgid ""
"Should all those methods fail, an attempt to execute the binary might result "
"in error message:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:448
#, no-wrap
msgid "% ./my-linux-elf-binary\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:456
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"ELF binary type not known\n"
"Abort\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:459
msgid ""
"To help the FreeBSD kernel distinguish between a FreeBSD ELF binary and a "
"Linux binary, use man:brandelf[1]:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:463
#, no-wrap
msgid "% brandelf -t Linux my-linux-elf-binary\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:465
#, no-wrap
msgid "Installing a Linux RPM Based Application"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:469
msgid ""
"To install a Linux RPM-based application, first install the "
"package:archivers/rpm4[] package or port.  Once installed, `root` can use "
"this command to install a [.filename]#.rpm#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:474
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# cd /compat/linux\n"
"# rpm2cpio < /path/to/linux.archive.rpm | cpio -id\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:478
msgid ""
"If necessary, `brandelf` the installed ELF binaries.  Note that this will "
"prevent a clean uninstall."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:479
#, no-wrap
msgid "Configuring the Hostname Resolver"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:482
msgid "If DNS does not work or this error appears:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:487
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"resolv+: \"bind\" is an invalid keyword resolv+:\n"
"\"hosts\" is an invalid keyword\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:490
msgid "configure [.filename]#/compat/linux/etc/host.conf# as follows:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:495
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"order hosts, bind\n"
"multi on\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:500
msgid ""
"This specifies that [.filename]#/etc/hosts# is searched first and DNS is "
"searched second.  When [.filename]#/compat/linux/etc/host.conf# does not "
"exist, Linux applications use [.filename]#/etc/host.conf# in the host system "
"but they complain since that file does not exist in FreeBSD.  Remove `bind` "
"if a name server is not configured using [.filename]#/etc/resolv.conf#."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:502
#, no-wrap
msgid "Miscellaneous"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/linuxemu/_index.adoc:504
msgid ""
"More information on how binary compatibility works with Linux(R) can be "
"found in the article link:{linux-emulation}[Linux emulation in FreeBSD]."
msgstr ""