# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
# Copyright (C) YEAR The FreeBSD Project
# This file is distributed under the same license as the FreeBSD Documentation package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: FreeBSD Documentation VERSION\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-02-01 09:21-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
"Language: \n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

#. type: YAML Front Matter: description
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:1
#, no-wrap
msgid "Introduction for people new to both FreeBSD and UNIX®"
msgstr ""

#. type: YAML Front Matter: title
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:1
#, no-wrap
msgid "For People New to Both FreeBSD and UNIX®"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title =
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:11
#, no-wrap
msgid "For People New to Both FreeBSD and UNIX(R)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:44
msgid "Abstract"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:46
msgid ""
"Congratulations on installing FreeBSD! This introduction is for people new "
"to both FreeBSD _and_ UNIX(R)-so it starts with basics."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:48
msgid "'''"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:52
#, no-wrap
msgid "Logging in and Getting Out"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:58
msgid ""
"Log in (when you see `login:`) as a user you created during installation or "
"as `root`.  (Your FreeBSD installation will already have an account for "
"`root`; who can go anywhere and do anything, including deleting essential "
"files, so be careful!)  The symbols % and # in the following stand for the "
"prompt (yours may be different), with % indicating an ordinary user and # "
"indicating `root`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:60
msgid "To log out (and get a new `login:` prompt) type"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:64
#, no-wrap
msgid "# exit\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:68
msgid ""
"as often as necessary.  Yes, press kbd:[enter] after commands, and remember "
"that UNIX(R) is case-sensitive-``exit``, not `EXIT`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:70
msgid "To shut down the machine type"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:74
#, no-wrap
msgid "# /sbin/shutdown -h now\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:77
msgid "Or to reboot type"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:81
#, no-wrap
msgid "# /sbin/shutdown -r now\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:84
msgid "or"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:88
#, no-wrap
msgid "# /sbin/reboot\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:94
msgid ""
"You can also reboot with kbd:[Ctrl+Alt+Delete].  Give it a little time to do "
"its work.  This is equivalent to `/sbin/reboot` in recent releases of "
"FreeBSD and is much, much better than hitting the reset button.  You do not "
"want to have to reinstall this thing, do you?"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:96
#, no-wrap
msgid "Adding a User with Root Privileges"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:99
msgid ""
"If you did not create any users when you installed the system and are thus "
"logged in as `root`, you should probably create a user now with"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:103
#, no-wrap
msgid "# adduser\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:109
msgid ""
"The first time you use `adduser`, it might ask for some defaults to save.  "
"You might want to make the default shell man:csh[1] instead of man:sh[1], if "
"it suggests `sh` as the default.  Otherwise just press enter to accept each "
"default.  These defaults are saved in [.filename]#/etc/adduser.conf#, an "
"editable file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:113
msgid ""
"Suppose you create a user `jack` with full name _Jack Benimble_.  Give "
"`jack` a password if security (even kids around who might pound on the "
"keyboard) is an issue.  When it asks you if you want to invite `jack` into "
"other groups, type `wheel`"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:117
#, no-wrap
msgid "Login group is \"jack\". Invite jack into other groups: wheel\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:121
msgid ""
"This will make it possible to log in as `jack` and use the man:su[1] command "
"to become `root`.  Then you will not get scolded any more for logging in as "
"`root`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:124
msgid ""
"You can quit `adduser` any time by typing kbd:[Ctrl+C], and at the end you "
"will have a chance to approve your new user or simply type kbd:[n] for no.  "
"You might want to create a second new user so that when you edit `jack`'s "
"login files, you will have a hot spare in case something goes wrong."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:127
msgid ""
"Once you have done this, use `exit` to get back to a login prompt and log in "
"as `jack`.  In general, it is a good idea to do as much work as possible as "
"an ordinary user who does not have the power-and risk-of `root`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:130
msgid ""
"If you already created a user and you want the user to be able to `su` to "
"`root`, you can log in as `root` and edit the file [.filename]#/etc/group#, "
"adding `jack` to the first line (the group `wheel`).  But first you need to "
"practice man:vi[1], the text editor-or use the simpler text editor, man:"
"ee[1], installed on recent versions of FreeBSD."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:132
msgid "To delete a user, use `rmuser`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:134
#, no-wrap
msgid "Looking Around"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:137
msgid ""
"Logged in as an ordinary user, look around and try out some commands that "
"will access the sources of help and information within FreeBSD."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:139
msgid "Here are some commands and what they do:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:140
#, no-wrap
msgid "`id`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:142
msgid "Tells you who you are!"
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:143
#, no-wrap
msgid "`pwd`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:145
msgid "Shows you where you are-the current working directory."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:146
#, no-wrap
msgid "`ls`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:148
msgid "Lists the files in the current directory."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:149
#, no-wrap
msgid "`ls -F`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:151
msgid ""
"Lists the files in the current directory with a * after executables, a `/` "
"after directories, and an `@` after symbolic links."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:152
#, no-wrap
msgid "`ls -l`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:154
msgid "Lists the files in long format-size, date, permissions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:155
#, no-wrap
msgid "`ls -a`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:158
msgid ""
"Lists hidden \"dot\" files with the others.  If you are `root`, the \"dot\" "
"files show up without the `-a` switch."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:159
#, no-wrap
msgid "`cd`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:163
msgid ""
"Changes directories. `cd ..` backs up one level; note the space after `cd`.  "
"`cd /usr/local` goes there. `cd ~` goes to the home directory of the person "
"logged in-e.g., [.filename]#/usr/home/jack#.  Try `cd /cdrom`, and then "
"`ls`, to find out if your CDROM is mounted and working."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:164
#, no-wrap
msgid "`less _filename_`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:168
msgid ""
"Lets you look at a file (named _filename_) without changing it.  Try `less /"
"etc/fstab`.  Type `q` to quit."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:169
#, no-wrap
msgid "`cat _filename_`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:174
msgid ""
"Displays _filename_ on screen.  If it is too long and you can see only the "
"end of it, press kbd:[ScrollLock] and use the kbd:[up-arrow] to move "
"backward; you can use kbd:[ScrollLock] with manual pages too.  Press kbd:"
"[ScrollLock] again to quit scrolling.  You might want to try `cat` on some "
"of the dot files in your home directory-`cat .cshrc`, `cat .login`, `cat ."
"profile`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:178
msgid ""
"You will notice aliases in [.filename]#.cshrc# for some of the `ls` commands "
"(they are very convenient).  You can create other aliases by editing [."
"filename]#.cshrc#.  You can make these aliases available to all users on the "
"system by putting them in the system-wide `csh` configuration file, [."
"filename]#/etc/csh.cshrc#."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:180
#, no-wrap
msgid "Getting Help and Information"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:184
msgid ""
"Here are some useful sources of help.  _Text_ stands for something of your "
"choice that you type in-usually a command or filename."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:185
#, no-wrap
msgid "`apropos _text_`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:187
msgid "Everything containing string _text_ in the `whatis database`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:188
#, no-wrap
msgid "`man _text_`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:193
msgid ""
"The manual page for _text_.  The major source of documentation for UNIX(R) "
"systems.  `man ls` will tell you all the ways to use `ls`.  Press kbd:"
"[Enter] to move through text, kbd:[Ctrl+B] to go back a page, kbd:[Ctrl+F] "
"to go forward, kbd:[q] or kbd:[Ctrl+C] to quit."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:194
#, no-wrap
msgid "`which _text_`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:196
msgid "Tells you where in the user's path the command _text_ is found."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:197
#, no-wrap
msgid "`locate _text_`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:199
msgid "All the paths where the string _text_ is found."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:200
#, no-wrap
msgid "`whatis _text_`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:203
msgid ""
"Tells you what the command _text_ does and its manual page.  Typing `whatis "
"*` will tell you about all the binaries in the current directory."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:204
#, no-wrap
msgid "`whereis _text_`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:206
msgid "Finds the file _text_, giving its full path."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:210
msgid ""
"You might want to try using `whatis` on some common useful commands like "
"`cat`, `more`, `grep`, `mv`, `find`, `tar`, `chmod`, `chown`, `date`, and "
"`script`.  `more` lets you read a page at a time as it does in DOS, e.g., "
"`ls -l | more` or `more _filename_`.  The * works as a wildcard-e.g., `ls "
"w*` will show you files beginning with `w`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:214
msgid ""
"Are some of these not working very well? Both man:locate[1] and man:"
"whatis[1] depend on a database that is rebuilt weekly.  If your machine is "
"not going to be left on over the weekend (and running FreeBSD), you might "
"want to run the commands for daily, weekly, and monthly maintenance now and "
"then.  Run them as `root` and, for now, give each one time to finish before "
"you start the next one."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:223
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# periodic daily\n"
"output omitted\n"
"# periodic weekly\n"
"output omitted\n"
"# periodic monthly\n"
"output omitted\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:229
msgid ""
"If you get tired of waiting, press kbd:[Alt+F2] to get another _virtual "
"console_, and log in again.  After all, it is a multi-user, multi-tasking "
"system.  Nevertheless these commands will probably flash messages on your "
"screen while they are running; you can type `clear` at the prompt to clear "
"the screen.  Once they have run, you might want to look at [.filename]#/var/"
"mail/root# and [.filename]#/var/log/messages#."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:235
msgid ""
"Running such commands is part of system administration-and as a single user "
"of a UNIX(R) system, you are your own system administrator.  Virtually "
"everything you need to be `root` to do is system administration.  Such "
"responsibilities are not covered very well even in those big fat books on "
"UNIX(R), which seem to devote a lot of space to pulling down menus in "
"windows managers.  You might want to get one of the two leading books on "
"systems administration, either Evi Nemeth et.al.'s UNIX System "
"Administration Handbook (Prentice-Hall, 1995, ISBN 0-13-15051-7)-the second "
"edition with the red cover; or Æleen Frisch's Essential System "
"Administration (O'Reilly & Associates, 2002, ISBN 0-596-00343-9).  I used "
"Nemeth."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:237
#, no-wrap
msgid "Editing Text"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:243
msgid ""
"To configure your system, you need to edit text files.  Most of them will be "
"in the [.filename]#/etc# directory; and you will need to `su` to `root` to "
"be able to change them.  You can use the easy `ee`, but in the long run the "
"text editor `vi` is worth learning.  There is an excellent tutorial on vi in "
"[.filename]#/usr/src/contrib/nvi/docs/tutorial#, if you have the system "
"sources installed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:247
msgid ""
"Before you edit a file, you should probably back it up.  Suppose you want to "
"edit [.filename]#/etc/rc.conf#.  You could just use `cd /etc` to get to the "
"[.filename]#/etc# directory and do:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:251
#, no-wrap
msgid "# cp rc.conf rc.conf.orig\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:255
msgid ""
"This would copy [.filename]#rc.conf# to [.filename]#rc.conf.orig#, and you "
"could later copy [.filename]#rc.conf.orig# to [.filename]#rc.conf# to "
"recover the original.  But even better would be moving (renaming) and then "
"copying back:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:260
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# mv rc.conf rc.conf.orig\n"
"# cp rc.conf.orig rc.conf\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:265
msgid ""
"because `mv` preserves the original date and owner of the file.  You can now "
"edit [.filename]#rc.conf#.  If you want the original back, you would then "
"`mv rc.conf rc.conf.myedit` (assuming you want to preserve your edited "
"version) and then"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:269
#, no-wrap
msgid "# mv rc.conf.orig rc.conf\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:272
msgid "to put things back the way they were."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:274
msgid "To edit a file, type"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:278
#, no-wrap
msgid "# vi filename\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:283
msgid ""
"Move through the text with the arrow keys.  kbd:[Esc] (the escape key) puts "
"`vi` in command mode.  Here are some commands:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:284
#, no-wrap
msgid "`x`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:286
msgid "delete letter the cursor is on"
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:287
#, no-wrap
msgid "`dd`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:289
msgid "delete the entire line (even if it wraps on the screen)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:290
#, no-wrap
msgid "`i`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:292
msgid "insert text at the cursor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:293
#, no-wrap
msgid "`a`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:295
msgid "insert text after the cursor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:298
msgid ""
"Once you type `i` or `a`, you can enter text.  `Esc` puts you back in "
"command mode where you can type"
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:299
#, no-wrap
msgid "`:w`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:301
msgid "to write your changes to disk and continue editing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:302
#, no-wrap
msgid "`:wq`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:304
msgid "to write and quit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:305
#, no-wrap
msgid "`:q!`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:307
msgid "to quit without saving changes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:308
#, no-wrap
msgid "`/_text_`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:310
msgid ""
"to move the cursor to _text_; `/` kbd:[Enter] (the enter key) to find the "
"next instance of _text_."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:311
#, no-wrap
msgid "`G`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:313
msgid "to go to the end of the file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:314
#, no-wrap
msgid "`nG`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:316
msgid "to go to line _n_ in the file, where _n_ is a number"
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:317
#, no-wrap
msgid "kbd:[Ctrl+L]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:319
msgid "to redraw the screen"
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:320
#, no-wrap
msgid "kbd:[Ctrl+b] and kbd:[Ctrl+f]"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:322
msgid "go back and forward a screen, as they do with `more` and `view`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:327
msgid ""
"Practice with `vi` in your home directory by creating a new file with `vi "
"_filename_` and adding and deleting text, saving the file, and calling it up "
"again.  `vi` delivers some surprises because it is really quite complex, and "
"sometimes you will inadvertently issue a command that will do something you "
"do not expect.  (Some people actually like `vi`-it is more powerful than DOS "
"EDIT-find out about `:r`.)  Use kbd:[Esc] one or more times to be sure you "
"are in command mode and proceed from there when it gives you trouble, save "
"often with `:w`, and use `:q!` to get out and start over (from your last `:"
"w`) when you need to."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:331
msgid ""
"Now you can `cd` to [.filename]#/etc#, `su` to `root`, use `vi` to edit the "
"file [.filename]#/etc/group#, and add a user to `wheel` so the user has root "
"privileges.  Just add a comma and the user's login name to the end of the "
"first line in the file, press kbd:[Esc], and use `:wq` to write the file to "
"disk and quit.  Instantly effective. (You did not put a space after the "
"comma, did you?)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:333
#, no-wrap
msgid "Other Useful Commands"
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:335
#, no-wrap
msgid "`df`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:337
msgid "shows file space and mounted systems."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:338
#, no-wrap
msgid "`ps aux`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:340
msgid "shows processes running. `ps ax` is a narrower form."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:341
#, no-wrap
msgid "`rm _filename_`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:343
msgid "remove _filename_."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:344
#, no-wrap
msgid "`rm -R _dir_`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:346
msgid "removes a directory _dir_ and all subdirectories-careful!"
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:347
#, no-wrap
msgid "`ls -R`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:349
msgid ""
"lists files in the current directory and all subdirectories; I used a "
"variant, `ls -AFR > where.txt`, to get a list of all the files in [."
"filename]#/# and (separately) [.filename]#/usr# before I found better ways "
"to find files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:350
#, no-wrap
msgid "`passwd`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:352
msgid "to change user's password (or ``root``'s password)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Labeled list
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:353
#, no-wrap
msgid "`man hier`"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:355
msgid "manual page on the UNIX(R) filesystem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:357
msgid ""
"Use `find` to locate [.filename]#filename# in [.filename]#/usr# or any of "
"its subdirectories with"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:361
#, no-wrap
msgid "% find /usr -name \"filename\"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:365
msgid ""
"You can use * as a wildcard in `\"_filename_\"` (which should be in "
"quotes).  If you tell `find` to search in [.filename]#/# instead of [."
"filename]#/usr# it will look for the file(s) on all mounted filesystems, "
"including the CDROM and the DOS partition."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:367
msgid ""
"An excellent book that explains UNIX(R) commands and utilities is Abrahams & "
"Larson, Unix for the Impatient (2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, 1996). There is "
"also a lot of UNIX(R) information on the Internet."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:369
#, no-wrap
msgid "Next Steps"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:376
msgid ""
"You should now have the tools you need to get around and edit files, so you "
"can get everything up and running.  There is a great deal of information in "
"the FreeBSD handbook (which is probably on your hard drive) and link:https://"
"www.FreeBSD.org/[FreeBSD's web site].  A wide variety of packages and ports "
"are on the CDROM as well as the web site.  The handbook tells you more about "
"how to use them (get the package if it exists, with `pkg add _packagename_`, "
"where _packagename_ is the filename of the package).  The CDROM has lists of "
"the packages and ports with brief descriptions in [.filename]#cdrom/packages/"
"index#, [.filename]#cdrom/packages/index.txt#, and [.filename]#cdrom/ports/"
"index#, with fuller descriptions in [.filename]#/cdrom/ports/\\*/*/pkg/"
"DESCR#, where the *s represent subdirectories of kinds of programs and "
"program names respectively."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:378
msgid ""
"If you find the handbook too sophisticated (what with `lndir` and all) on "
"installing ports from the CDROM, here is what usually works:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:381
msgid ""
"Find the port you want, say `kermit`. There will be a directory for it on "
"the CDROM.  Copy the subdirectory to [.filename]#/usr/local# (a good place "
"for software you add that should be available to all users) with:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:385
#, no-wrap
msgid "# cp -R /cdrom/ports/comm/kermit /usr/local\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:388
msgid ""
"This should result in a [.filename]#/usr/local/kermit# subdirectory that has "
"all the files that the `kermit` subdirectory on the CDROM has."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:393
msgid ""
"Next, create the directory [.filename]#/usr/ports/distfiles# if it does not "
"already exist using `mkdir`.  Now check [.filename]#/cdrom/ports/distfiles# "
"for a file with a name that indicates it is the port you want.  Copy that "
"file to [.filename]#/usr/ports/distfiles#; in recent versions you can skip "
"this step, as FreeBSD will do it for you.  In the case of `kermit`, there is "
"no distfile."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:396
msgid ""
"Then `cd` to the subdirectory of [.filename]#/usr/local/kermit# that has the "
"file [.filename]#Makefile#.  Type"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:400
#, no-wrap
msgid "# make all install\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:406
msgid ""
"During this process the port will FTP to get any compressed files it needs "
"that it did not find on the CDROM or in [.filename]#/usr/ports/distfiles#.  "
"If you do not have your network running yet and there was no file for the "
"port in [.filename]#/cdrom/ports/distfiles#, you will have to get the "
"distfile using another machine and copy it to [.filename]#/usr/ports/"
"distfiles#.  Read [.filename]#Makefile# (with `cat` or `more` or `view`) to "
"find out where to go (the master distribution site) to get the file and what "
"its name is.  (Use binary file transfers!) Then go back to [.filename]#/usr/"
"local/kermit#, find the directory with [.filename]#Makefile#, and type `make "
"all install`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:408
#, no-wrap
msgid "Your Working Environment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:413
msgid ""
"Your shell is the most important part of your working environment.  The "
"shell is what interprets the commands you type on the command line, and thus "
"communicates with the rest of the operating system.  You can also write "
"shell scripts a series of commands to be run without intervention."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:417
msgid ""
"Two shells come installed with FreeBSD: `csh` and `sh`.  `csh` is good for "
"command-line work, but scripts should be written with `sh` (or `bash`).  You "
"can find out what shell you have by typing `echo $SHELL`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:423
msgid ""
"The `csh` shell is okay, but `tcsh` does everything `csh` does and more.  It "
"allows you to recall commands with the arrow keys and edit them.  It has tab-"
"key completion of filenames (`csh` uses kbd:[Esc]), and it lets you switch "
"to the directory you were last in with `cd -`.  It is also much easier to "
"alter your prompt with `tcsh`.  It makes life a lot easier."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:425
msgid "Here are the three steps for installing a new shell:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:429
msgid ""
"Install the shell as a port or a package, just as you would any other port "
"or package."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:430
msgid ""
"Use `chsh` to change your shell to `tcsh` permanently, or type `tcsh` at the "
"prompt to change your shell without logging in again."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:438
msgid ""
"It can be dangerous to change `root`'s shell to something other than `sh` or "
"`csh` on early versions of FreeBSD and many other versions of UNIX(R); you "
"may not have a working shell when the system puts you into single user "
"mode.  The solution is to use `su -m` to become `root`, which will give you "
"the `tcsh` as `root`, because the shell is part of the environment.  You can "
"make this permanent by adding it to your [.filename]#.tcshrc# as an alias "
"with:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:442
#, no-wrap
msgid "alias su su -m\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:449
msgid ""
"When `tcsh` starts up, it will read the [.filename]#/etc/csh.cshrc# and [."
"filename]#/etc/csh.login# files, as does `csh`.  It will also read [."
"filename]#.login# in your home directory and [.filename]#.cshrc# as well, "
"unless you provide a [.filename]#.tcshrc#.  This you can do by simply "
"copying [.filename]#.cshrc# to [.filename]#.tcshrc#."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:453
msgid ""
"Now that you have installed `tcsh`, you can adjust your prompt.  You can "
"find the details in the manual page for `tcsh`, but here is a line to put in "
"your [.filename]#.tcshrc# that will tell you how many commands you have "
"typed, what time it is, and what directory you are in.  It also produces a "
"`>` if you are an ordinary user and a # if you are `root`, but tsch will do "
"that in any case:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:455
msgid "set prompt = \"%h %t %~ %# \""
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:460
msgid ""
"This should go in the same place as the existing set prompt line if there is "
"one, or under \"if($?prompt) then\" if not.  Comment out the old line; you "
"can always switch back to it if you prefer it.  Do not forget the spaces and "
"quotes.  You can get the [.filename]#.tcshrc# reread by typing `source ."
"tcshrc`."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:464
msgid ""
"You can get a listing of other environmental variables that have been set by "
"typing `env` at the prompt.  The result will show you your default editor, "
"pager, and terminal type, among possibly many others.  A useful command if "
"you log in from a remote location and cannot run a program because the "
"terminal is not capable is `setenv TERM vt100`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:466
#, no-wrap
msgid "Other"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:470
msgid ""
"As `root`, you can unmount the CDROM with `/sbin/umount /cdrom`, take it out "
"of the drive, insert another one, and mount it with `/sbin/mount_cd9660 /dev/"
"cd0a /cdrom` assuming cd0a is the device name for your CDROM drive.  The "
"most recent versions of FreeBSD let you mount the CDROM with just `/sbin/"
"mount /cdrom`."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:476
msgid ""
"Using the live filesystem-the second of FreeBSD's CDROM disks-is useful if "
"you have got limited space.  What is on the live filesystem varies from "
"release to release.  You might try playing games from the CDROM.  This "
"involves using `lndir`, which gets installed with the X Window System, to "
"tell the program(s) where to find the necessary files, because they are in [."
"filename]#/cdrom# instead of in [.filename]#/usr# and its subdirectories, "
"which is where they are expected to be.  Read `man lndir`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:478
#, no-wrap
msgid "Comments Welcome"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:482
msgid ""
"If you use this guide I would be interested in knowing where it was unclear "
"and what was left out that you think should be included, and if it was "
"helpful.  My thanks to Eugene W. Stark, professor of computer science at "
"SUNY-Stony Brook, and John Fieber for helpful comments."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/articles/new-users/_index.adoc:483
msgid ""
"Annelise Anderson, mailto:andrsn@andrsn.stanford.edu[andrsn@andrsn.stanford."
"edu]"
msgstr ""